1:1 Then the Lord called to Moses and spoke to him 1 from the Meeting Tent: 2 1:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When 3 someone 4 among you presents an offering 5 to the Lord, 6 you 7 must present your offering from the domesticated animals, either from the herd or from the flock. 8
1:3 “‘If his offering is a burnt offering 9 from the herd he must present it as a flawless male; he must present it at the entrance 10 of the Meeting Tent for its 11 acceptance before the Lord. 1:4 He must lay his hand on the head of the burnt offering, and it will be accepted for him to make atonement 12 on his behalf. 1:5 Then the one presenting the offering 13 must slaughter the bull 14 before the Lord, and the sons of Aaron, the priests, must present the blood and splash 15 the blood against the sides of the altar which is at the entrance of the Meeting Tent. 1:6 Next, the one presenting the offering 16 must skin the burnt offering and cut it into parts, 1:7 and the sons of Aaron, the priest, 17 must put fire on the altar and arrange wood on the fire. 1:8 Then the sons of Aaron, the priests, must arrange the parts with the head and the suet 18 on the wood that is in the fire on the altar. 19 1:9 Finally, the one presenting the offering 20 must wash its entrails and its legs in water and the priest must offer all of it up in smoke on the altar 21 – it is 22 a burnt offering, a gift 23 of a soothing aroma to the Lord.
1:10 “‘If his offering is from the flock for a burnt offering 24 – from the sheep or the goats – he must present a flawless male, 1:11 and must slaughter it on the north side of the altar before the Lord, and the sons of Aaron, the priests, will splash its blood against the altar’s sides. 1:12 Next, the one presenting the offering 25 must cut it into parts, with its head and its suet, and the priest must arrange them on the wood which is in the fire, on the altar. 1:13 Then the one presenting the offering must wash the entrails and the legs in water, and the priest must present all of it and offer it up in smoke on the altar – it is a burnt offering, a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord.
1:14 “‘If his offering to the Lord is a burnt offering from the birds, 26 he must present his offering from the turtledoves or from the young pigeons. 27 1:15 The priest must present it at the altar, pinch off 28 its head and offer the head 29 up in smoke on the altar, and its blood must be drained out against the side of the altar. 1:16 Then the priest 30 must remove its entrails by cutting off its tail feathers, 31 and throw them 32 to the east side of the altar into the place of fatty ashes, 1:17 and tear it open by its wings without dividing it into two parts. 33 Finally, the priest must offer it up in smoke on the altar on the wood which is in the fire – it is a burnt offering, a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord.
2:1 “‘When a person presents a grain offering 34 to the Lord, his offering must consist of choice wheat flour, 35 and he must pour olive oil on it and put frankincense 36 on it. 2:2 Then he must bring it to the sons of Aaron, the priests, and the priest 37 must scoop out from there a handful of its choice wheat flour and some of its olive oil in addition to all of its frankincense, and the priest must offer its memorial portion 38 up in smoke on the altar – it is 39 a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord. 2:3 The remainder of the grain offering belongs to Aaron and to his sons 40 – it is 41 most holy 42 from the gifts of the Lord.
2:4 “‘When you present an offering of grain baked in an oven, it must be made of 43 choice wheat flour baked into unleavened loaves 44 mixed with olive oil or 45 unleavened wafers smeared 46 with olive oil. 2:5 If your offering is a grain offering made on the griddle, it must be choice wheat flour mixed with olive oil, unleavened. 2:6 Crumble it in pieces 47 and pour olive oil on it – it is a grain offering. 2:7 If your offering is a grain offering made in a pan, 48 it must be made of choice wheat flour deep fried in olive oil. 49
2:8 “‘You must bring the grain offering that must be made from these to the Lord. Present it to the priest, 50 and he will bring it to the altar. 2:9 Then the priest must take up 51 from the grain offering its memorial portion and offer it up in smoke on the altar – it is 52 a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord. 2:10 The remainder of the grain offering belongs to Aaron and to his sons – it is 53 most holy from the gifts of the Lord.
2:11 “‘No grain offering which you present to the Lord can be made with yeast, 54 for you must not offer up in smoke any yeast or honey as a gift to the Lord. 55 2:12 You can present them to the Lord as an offering of first fruit, 56 but they must not go up to the altar for a soothing aroma. 2:13 Moreover, you must season every one of your grain offerings with salt; you must not allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be missing from your grain offering 57 – on every one of your grain offerings you must present salt.
2:14 “‘If you present a grain offering of first ripe grain to the Lord, you must present your grain offering of first ripe grain as soft kernels roasted in fire – crushed bits of fresh grain. 58 2:15 And you must put olive oil on it and set frankincense on it – it is a grain offering. 2:16 Then the priest must offer its memorial portion up in smoke – some of its crushed bits, some of its olive oil, in addition to all of its frankincense – it is 59 a gift to the Lord.
3:1 “‘Now if his offering is a peace offering sacrifice, 60 if he presents an offering from the herd, he must present before the Lord a flawless male or a female. 61 3:2 He must lay his hand on the head of his offering and slaughter it at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, and the sons of Aaron, the priests, must splash the blood against the altar’s sides. 62 3:3 Then the one presenting the offering 63 must present a gift to the Lord from the peace offering sacrifice: He must remove the fat that covers the entrails and all the fat that surrounds the entrails, 64 3:4 the two kidneys with the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he is to remove along with the kidneys). 65 3:5 Then the sons of Aaron must offer it up in smoke on the altar atop the burnt offering that is on the wood in the fire as a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord. 66
3:6 “‘If his offering for a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord is from the flock, he must present a flawless male or female. 67 3:7 If he presents a sheep as his offering, he must present it before the Lord. 3:8 He must lay his hand on the head of his offering and slaughter it before the Meeting Tent, and the sons of Aaron must splash 68 its blood against the altar’s sides. 3:9 Then he must present a gift to the Lord from the peace offering sacrifice: He must remove all the fatty tail up to the end of the spine, the fat covering the entrails, and all the fat on the entrails, 69 3:10 the two kidneys with the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he is to remove along with the kidneys). 70 3:11 Then the priest must offer it up in smoke on the altar as a food gift to the Lord. 71
3:12 “‘If his offering is a goat he must present it before the Lord, 3:13 lay his hand on its head, and slaughter it before the Meeting Tent, and the sons of Aaron must splash its blood against the altar’s sides. 3:14 Then he must present from it his offering as a gift to the Lord: the fat which covers the entrails and all the fat on the entrails, 72 3:15 the two kidneys with the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he is to remove along with the kidneys). 73 3:16 Then the priest must offer them up in smoke on the altar as a food gift for a soothing aroma – all the fat belongs to the Lord. 3:17 This is 74 a perpetual statute throughout your generations 75 in all the places where you live: You must never eat any fat or any blood.’” 76
4:1 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 77 4:2 “Tell the Israelites, ‘When a person sins by straying unintentionally 78 from any of the Lord’s commandments which must not be violated, and violates any 79 one of them 80 –
4:3 “‘If the high priest 81 sins so that the people are guilty, 82 on account of the sin he has committed he must present a flawless young bull to the Lord 83 for a sin offering. 84 4:4 He must bring the bull to the entrance of the Meeting Tent before the Lord, lay his hand on the head of the bull, and slaughter the bull before the Lord. 4:5 Then that high priest must take some of the blood 85 of the bull and bring it to the Meeting Tent. 4:6 The priest must dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle 86 some of it 87 seven times before the Lord toward 88 the front of the veil-canopy 89 of the sanctuary. 4:7 The priest must put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense that is before the Lord in the Meeting Tent, and all the rest of the bull’s blood he must pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering that is at the entrance of the Meeting Tent.
4:8 “‘Then he must take up all the fat from the sin offering bull: 90 the fat covering the entrails 91 and all the fat surrounding the entrails, 92 4:9 the two kidneys with the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he is to remove along with the kidneys) 93 4:10 – just as it is taken from the ox of the peace offering sacrifice 94 – and the priest must offer them up in smoke on the altar of burnt offering. 4:11 But the hide of the bull, all its flesh along with its head and its legs, its entrails, and its dung – 4:12 all the rest of the bull 95 – he must bring outside the camp 96 to a ceremonially clean place, 97 to the fatty ash pile, 98 and he must burn 99 it on a wood fire; it must be burned on the fatty ash pile.
4:13 “‘If the whole congregation of Israel strays unintentionally 100 and the matter is not noticed by 101 the assembly, and they violate one of the Lord’s commandments, which must not be violated, 102 so they become guilty, 4:14 the assembly must present a young bull for a sin offering when the sin they have committed 103 becomes known. They must bring it before the Meeting Tent, 4:15 the elders of the congregation must lay their hands on the head of the bull before the Lord, and someone must slaughter 104 the bull before the Lord. 4:16 Then the high priest 105 must bring some of the blood of the bull to the Meeting Tent, 4:17 and that priest must dip his finger in the blood 106 and sprinkle 107 some of the blood seven times 108 before the Lord toward 109 the front of the veil-canopy. 110 4:18 He must put some of the blood on the horns of the altar 111 which is before the Lord in the Meeting Tent, and all the rest of the blood he must pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering that is at the entrance of the Meeting Tent.
4:19 “‘Then the priest 112 must take all its fat 113 and offer the fat 114 up in smoke on the altar. 4:20 He must do with the rest of the bull just as he did with the bull of the sin offering; this is what he must do with it. 115 So the priest will make atonement 116 on their behalf and they will be forgiven. 117 4:21 He 118 must bring the rest of the bull outside the camp 119 and burn it just as he burned the first bull – it is the sin offering of the assembly.
4:22 “‘Whenever 120 a leader, by straying unintentionally, 121 sins and violates one of the commandments of the Lord his God which must not be violated, 122 and he pleads guilty, 4:23 or his sin that he committed 123 is made known to him, 124 he must bring a flawless male goat as his offering. 125 4:24 He must lay his hand on the head of the male goat and slaughter 126 it in the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered before the Lord – it is a sin offering. 4:25 Then the priest must take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and he must pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering. 4:26 Then the priest 127 must offer all of its fat up in smoke on the altar like the fat of the peace offering sacrifice. So the priest will make atonement 128 on his behalf for 129 his sin and he will be forgiven. 130
4:27 “‘If an ordinary individual 131 sins by straying unintentionally 132 when he violates one of the Lord’s commandments which must not be violated, 133 and he pleads guilty 4:28 or his sin that he committed 134 is made known to him, 135 he must bring a flawless female goat 136 as his offering for the sin 137 that he committed. 4:29 He must lay his hand on the head of the sin offering and slaughter 138 the sin offering in the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered. 4:30 Then the priest must take some of its blood with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and he must pour out all the rest of its blood at the base of the altar. 4:31 Then he must remove all of its fat (just as fat was removed from the peace offering sacrifice) and the priest must offer it up in smoke on the altar for a soothing aroma to the Lord. So the priest will make atonement 139 on his behalf and he will be forgiven. 140
4:32 “‘But if he brings a sheep as his offering, for a sin offering, he must bring a flawless female. 4:33 He must lay his hand on the head of the sin offering and slaughter it for a sin offering in the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered. 4:34 Then the priest must take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and he must pour out all the rest of its blood at the base of the altar. 4:35 Then the one who brought the offering 141 must remove all its fat (just as the fat of the sheep is removed from the peace offering sacrifice) and the priest must offer them up in smoke on the altar on top of the other gifts of the Lord. So the priest will make atonement 142 on his behalf for his sin which he has committed and he will be forgiven. 143
5:1 “‘When a person sins 144 in that he hears a public curse against one who fails to testify 145 and he is a witness (he either saw or knew what had happened 146 ) and he does not make it known, 147 then he will bear his punishment for iniquity. 148 5:2 Or when there is 149 a person who touches anything ceremonially 150 unclean, whether the carcass of an unclean wild animal, or the carcass of an unclean domesticated animal, or the carcass of an unclean creeping thing, even if he did not realize it, 151 but he himself has become unclean and is guilty; 152 5:3 or when he touches human uncleanness with regard to anything by which he can become unclean, 153 even if he did not realize it, but he himself has later come to know it and is guilty; 5:4 or when a person swears an oath, speaking thoughtlessly 154 with his lips, whether to do evil or to do good, with regard to anything which the individual might speak thoughtlessly in an oath, even if he did not realize it, but he himself has later come to know it and is guilty with regard to one of these oaths 155 – 5:5 when an individual becomes guilty with regard to one of these things 156 he must confess how he has sinned, 157 5:6 and he must bring his penalty for guilt 158 to the Lord for his sin that he has committed, a female from the flock, whether a female sheep or a female goat, for a sin offering. So the priest will make atonement 159 on his behalf for 160 his sin.
5:7 “‘If he cannot afford an animal from the flock, 161 he must bring his penalty for guilt for his sin that he has committed, 162 two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 163 to the Lord, one for a sin offering and one for a burnt offering. 5:8 He must bring them to the priest and present first the one that is for a sin offering. The priest 164 must pinch 165 its head at the nape of its neck, but must not sever the head from the body. 166 5:9 Then he must sprinkle 167 some of the blood of the sin offering on the wall of the altar, and the remainder of the blood 168 must be squeezed out at the base of the altar – it is a sin offering. 5:10 The second bird 169 he must make a burnt offering according to the standard regulation. 170 So the priest will make atonement 171 on behalf of this person for 172 his sin which he has committed, and he will be forgiven. 173
5:11 “‘If he cannot afford 174 two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 175 he must bring as his offering for his sin which he has committed 176 a tenth of an ephah 177 of choice wheat flour 178 for a sin offering. He must not place olive oil on it and he must not put frankincense on it, because it is a sin offering. 5:12 He must bring it to the priest and the priest must scoop out from it a handful as its memorial portion 179 and offer it up in smoke on the altar on top of the other gifts of the Lord – it is a sin offering. 5:13 So the priest will make atonement 180 on his behalf for his sin which he has committed by doing one of these things, 181 and he will be forgiven. 182 The remainder of the offering 183 will belong to the priest like the grain offering.’” 184
5:14 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 185 5:15 “When a person commits a trespass 186 and sins by straying unintentionally 187 from the regulations about the Lord’s holy things, 188 then he must bring his penalty for guilt 189 to the Lord, a flawless ram from the flock, convertible into silver shekels according to the standard of the sanctuary shekel, 190 for a guilt offering. 191 5:16 And whatever holy thing he violated 192 he must restore and must add one fifth to it and give it to the priest. So the priest will make atonement 193 on his behalf with the guilt offering ram and he will be forgiven.” 194
5:17 “If a person sins and violates any of the Lord’s commandments which must not be violated 195 (although he did not know it at the time, 196 but later realizes he is guilty), then he will bear his punishment for iniquity 197 5:18 and must bring a flawless ram from the flock, convertible into silver shekels, 198 for a guilt offering to the priest. So the priest will make atonement 199 on his behalf for his error which he committed 200 (although he himself had not known it) and he will be forgiven. 201 5:19 It is a guilt offering; he was surely guilty before the Lord.”
6:1 (5:20) 202 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 203 6:2 “When a person sins and commits a trespass 204 against the Lord by deceiving his fellow citizen 205 in regard to something held in trust, or a pledge, or something stolen, or by extorting something from his fellow citizen, 206 6:3 or has found something lost and denies it and swears falsely 207 concerning any one of the things that someone might do to sin 208 – 6:4 when it happens that he sins and he is found guilty, 209 then he must return whatever he had stolen, or whatever he had extorted, or the thing that he had held in trust, 210 or the lost thing that he had found, 6:5 or anything about which he swears falsely. 211 He must restore it in full 212 and add one fifth to it; he must give it to its owner when he is found guilty. 213 6:6 Then he must bring his guilt offering to the Lord, a flawless ram from the flock, convertible into silver shekels, 214 for a guilt offering to the priest. 6:7 So the priest will make atonement 215 on his behalf before the Lord and he will be forgiven 216 for whatever he has done to become guilty.” 217
6:8 (6:1) 218 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 219 6:9 “Command Aaron and his sons, ‘This is the law of the burnt offering. The burnt offering is to remain on the hearth 220 on the altar all night until morning, and the fire of the altar must be kept burning on it. 221 6:10 Then the priest must put on his linen robe and must put linen leggings 222 over his bare flesh, and he must take up the fatty ashes of the burnt offering that the fire consumed on the altar, 223 and he must place them 224 beside the altar. 6:11 Then he must take off his clothes and put on other clothes, and he must bring the fatty ashes outside the camp to a ceremonially 225 clean place, 6:12 but the fire which is on the altar must be kept burning on it. 226 It must not be extinguished. So the priest must kindle wood on it morning by morning, and he must arrange the burnt offering on it and offer the fat of the peace offering up in smoke on it. 6:13 A continual fire must be kept burning on the altar. It must not be extinguished.
6:14 “‘This is the law of the grain offering. The sons of Aaron are to present it 227 before the Lord in front of the altar, 6:15 and the priest 228 must take up with his hand some of the choice wheat flour of the grain offering 229 and some of its olive oil, and all of the frankincense that is on the grain offering, and he must offer its memorial portion 230 up in smoke on the altar 231 as a soothing aroma to the Lord. 232 6:16 Aaron and his sons are to eat what is left over from it. It must be eaten unleavened in a holy place; they are to eat it in the courtyard of the Meeting Tent. 6:17 It must not be baked with yeast. 233 I have given it as their portion from my gifts. It is most holy, 234 like the sin offering and the guilt offering. 6:18 Every male among the sons of Aaron may eat it. It is a perpetual allotted portion 235 throughout your generations 236 from the gifts of the Lord. Anyone who touches these gifts 237 must be holy.’” 238
6:19 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 239 6:20 “This is the offering of Aaron and his sons which they must present to the Lord on the day when he is anointed: a tenth of an ephah 240 of choice wheat flour 241 as a continual grain offering, half of it in the morning and half of it in the evening. 6:21 It must be made with olive oil on a griddle and you must bring it well soaked, 242 so you must present a grain offering of broken pieces 243 as a soothing aroma to the Lord. 6:22 The high priest who succeeds him 244 from among his sons must do it. It is a perpetual statute; it must be offered up in smoke as a whole offering to the Lord. 6:23 Every grain offering of a priest must be a whole offering; it must not be eaten.”
6:24 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 245 6:25 “Tell Aaron and his sons, ‘This is the law of the sin offering. In the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered the sin offering must be slaughtered before the Lord. It is most holy. 246 6:26 The priest who offers it for sin is to eat it. It must be eaten in a holy place, in the court of the Meeting Tent. 6:27 Anyone who touches its meat must be holy, and whoever spatters some of its blood on a garment, 247 you must wash 248 whatever he spatters it on in a holy place. 6:28 Any clay vessel it is boiled in must be broken, and if it was boiled in a bronze vessel, then that vessel 249 must be rubbed out and rinsed in water. 6:29 Any male among the priests may eat it. It is most holy. 250 6:30 But any sin offering from which some of its blood is brought into the Meeting Tent to make atonement in the sanctuary must not be eaten. It must be burned up in the fire. 251
7:1 “‘This is the law of the guilt offering. It is most holy. 7:2 In the place where they slaughter the burnt offering they must slaughter the guilt offering, and the officiating priest 252 must splash 253 the blood against the altar’s sides. 7:3 Then the one making the offering 254 must present all its fat: the fatty tail, the fat covering the entrails, 7:4 the two kidneys and the fat on their sinews, and the protruding lobe on the liver (which he must remove along with the kidneys). 255 7:5 Then the priest must offer them up in smoke on the altar 256 as a gift to the Lord. It is a guilt offering. 7:6 Any male among the priests may eat it. It must be eaten in a holy place. It is most holy. 257 7:7 The law is the same for the sin offering and the guilt offering; 258 it belongs to the priest who makes atonement with it.
7:8 “‘As for the priest who presents someone’s burnt offering, the hide of that burnt offering which he presented belongs to him. 7:9 Every grain offering which is baked in the oven or 259 made in the pan 260 or on the griddle belongs to the priest who presented it. 7:10 Every grain offering, whether mixed with olive oil or dry, belongs to all the sons of Aaron, each one alike. 261
7:11 “‘This is the law of the peace offering sacrifice which he 262 is to present to the Lord. 7:12 If he presents it on account of thanksgiving, 263 along with the thank offering sacrifice he must present unleavened loaves mixed with olive oil, unleavened wafers smeared with olive oil, 264 and well soaked 265 ring-shaped loaves made of choice wheat flour 266 mixed with olive oil. 7:13 He must present this grain offering 267 in addition to ring-shaped loaves of leavened bread which regularly accompany 268 the sacrifice of his thanksgiving peace offering. 7:14 He must present one of each kind of grain offering 269 as a contribution offering 270 to the Lord; it belongs to the priest who splashes the blood of the peace offering. 7:15 The meat of his 271 thanksgiving peace offering must be eaten on the day of his offering; he must not set any of it aside until morning.
7:16 “‘If his offering is a votive or freewill sacrifice, 272 it may be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and also the leftovers from it may be eaten on the next day, 273 7:17 but the leftovers from the meat of the sacrifice must be burned up in the fire 274 on the third day. 7:18 If some of the meat of his peace offering sacrifice is ever eaten on the third day it will not be accepted; it will not be accounted to the one who presented it, since it is spoiled, 275 and the person who eats from it will bear his punishment for iniquity. 276 7:19 The meat which touches anything ceremonially 277 unclean must not be eaten; it must be burned up in the fire. As for ceremonially clean meat, 278 everyone who is ceremonially clean may eat the meat. 7:20 The person who eats meat from the peace offering sacrifice which belongs to the Lord while his uncleanness persists 279 will be cut off from his people. 280 7:21 When a person touches anything unclean (whether human uncleanness, or an unclean animal, or an unclean detestable creature) 281 and eats some of the meat of the peace offering sacrifice which belongs to the Lord, that person will be cut off from his people.’” 282
7:22 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 283 7:23 “Tell the Israelites, ‘You must not eat any fat of an ox, sheep, or goat. 7:24 Moreover, the fat of an animal that has died of natural causes 284 and the fat of an animal torn by beasts may be used for any other purpose, 285 but you must certainly never eat it. 7:25 If anyone eats fat from the animal from which he presents a gift to the Lord, that person will be cut off from his people. 286 7:26 And you must not eat any blood of the birds or the domesticated land animals in any of the places where you live. 287 7:27 Any person who eats any blood – that person will be cut off from his people.’” 288
7:28 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 289 7:29 “Tell the Israelites, ‘The one who presents his peace offering sacrifice to the Lord must bring his offering to the Lord from his peace offering sacrifice. 7:30 With his own hands he must bring the Lord’s gifts. He must bring the fat with the breast 290 to wave the breast as a wave offering before the Lord, 291 7:31 and the priest must offer the fat up in smoke on the altar, but the breast will belong to Aaron and his sons. 7:32 The right thigh you must give as a contribution offering 292 to the priest from your peace offering sacrifices. 7:33 The one from Aaron’s sons who presents the blood of the peace offering and fat will have the right thigh as his share, 7:34 for the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution offering I have taken from the Israelites out of their peace offering sacrifices and have given them to Aaron the priest and to his sons from the people of Israel as a perpetual allotted portion.’” 293
7:35 This is the allotment of Aaron and the allotment of his sons from the Lord’s gifts on the day Moses 294 presented them to serve as priests 295 to the Lord. 7:36 This is what the Lord commanded to give to them from the Israelites on the day Moses 296 anointed them 297 – a perpetual allotted portion throughout their generations. 298
7:37 This is the law 299 for the burnt offering, the grain offering, 300 the sin offering, the guilt offering, the ordination offering, 301 and the peace offering sacrifice, 7:38 which the Lord commanded Moses on Mount Sinai on the day he commanded the Israelites to present their offerings to the Lord in the wilderness of Sinai.
8:1 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 302 8:2 “Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, the anointing oil, the sin offering bull, the two rams, and the basket of unleavened bread, 8:3 and assemble the whole congregation at the entrance of the Meeting Tent.” 303 8:4 So Moses did just as the Lord commanded him, and the congregation assembled at the entrance of the Meeting Tent. 8:5 Then Moses said to the congregation: “This is what the Lord has commanded to be done.”
8:6 So Moses brought Aaron and his sons forward and washed them with water. 8:7 Then he 304 put the tunic 305 on Aaron, 306 wrapped the sash around him, 307 and clothed him with the robe. 308 Next he put the ephod on him 309 and placed on him 310 the decorated band of the ephod, and fastened the ephod closely to him with the band. 311 8:8 He then set the breastpiece 312 on him and put the Urim and Thummim 313 into the breastpiece. 8:9 Finally, he set the turban 314 on his head and attached the gold plate, the holy diadem, 315 to the front of the turban just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
8:10 Then Moses took the anointing oil and anointed the tabernacle and everything in it, and so consecrated them. 316 8:11 Next he sprinkled some of it on the altar seven times and so anointed the altar, all its vessels, and the wash basin and its stand to consecrate them. 8:12 He then poured some of the anointing oil on the head of Aaron and anointed him to consecrate him. 8:13 Moses also brought forward Aaron’s sons, clothed them with tunics, wrapped sashes around them, 317 and wrapped headbands on them 318 just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
8:14 Then he brought near the sin offering bull 319 and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of the sin offering bull, 8:15 and he slaughtered it. 320 Moses then took the blood and put it all around on the horns of the altar with his finger and decontaminated the altar, 321 and he poured out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar and so consecrated it to make atonement on it. 322 8:16 Then he 323 took all the fat on the entrails, the protruding lobe of the liver, and the two kidneys and their fat, 324 and Moses offered it all up in smoke on the altar, 325 8:17 but the rest of the bull – its hide, its flesh, and its dung – he completely burned up 326 outside the camp just as the Lord had commanded Moses. 327
8:18 Then he presented the burnt offering ram and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of the ram, 8:19 and he slaughtered it. 328 Moses then splashed the blood against the altar’s sides. 8:20 Then he 329 cut the ram into parts, 330 and Moses offered the head, the parts, and the suet up in smoke, 8:21 but the entrails and the legs he washed with water, 331 and Moses offered the whole ram up in smoke on the altar – it was a burnt offering for a soothing aroma, a gift to the Lord, just as the Lord had commanded Moses. 332
8:22 Then he presented the second ram, the ram of ordination, 333 and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the head of the ram 8:23 and he slaughtered it. 334 Moses then took some of its blood and put it on Aaron’s right earlobe, 335 on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe 336 of his right foot. 8:24 Next he brought Aaron’s sons forward, and Moses put some of the blood on their right earlobes, on their right thumbs, and on the big toes of their right feet, and Moses splashed the rest of the blood against the altar’s sides.
8:25 Then he took the fat (the fatty tail, 337 all the fat on the entrails, the protruding lobe of the liver, and the two kidneys and their fat 338 ) and the right thigh, 339 8:26 and from the basket of unleavened bread that was before the Lord he took one unleavened loaf, one loaf of bread mixed with olive oil, and one wafer, 340 and placed them on the fat parts and on the right thigh. 8:27 He then put all of them on the palms 341 of Aaron and his sons, who waved 342 them as a wave offering before the Lord. 343 8:28 Moses then took them from their palms and offered them up in smoke on the altar 344 on top of the burnt offering – they were an ordination offering for a soothing aroma; it was a gift to the Lord. 8:29 Finally, Moses took the breast and waved it as a wave offering before the Lord from the ram of ordination. It was Moses’ share just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
8:30 Then Moses took some of the anointing oil and some of the blood which was on the altar and sprinkled it on Aaron and his garments, and on his sons and his sons’ garments with him. So he consecrated Aaron, his garments, and his sons and his sons’ garments with him. 8:31 Then Moses said to Aaron and his sons, “Boil the meat at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, and there you are to eat it and the bread which is in the ordination offering basket, just as I have commanded, 345 saying, ‘Aaron and his sons are to eat it,’ 8:32 but the remainder of the meat and the bread 346 you must burn with fire. 8:33 And you must not go out from the entrance of the Meeting Tent for seven days, until the day when your days of ordination are completed, because you must be ordained over a seven-day period. 347 8:34 What has been done 348 on this day the Lord has commanded to be done 349 to make atonement for you. 8:35 You must reside at the entrance of the Meeting Tent day and night for seven days and keep the charge of the Lord so that you will not die, for this is what I have been commanded.” 8:36 So Aaron and his sons did all the things the Lord had commanded through 350 Moses.
9:1 On the eighth day 351 Moses summoned 352 Aaron and his sons and the elders of Israel, 9:2 and said to Aaron, “Take for yourself a bull calf for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering, both flawless, and present them before the Lord. 9:3 Then tell the Israelites: ‘Take a male goat 353 for a sin offering and a calf and lamb, both a year old and flawless, 354 for a burnt offering, 9:4 and an ox and a ram for peace offerings to sacrifice before the Lord, and a grain offering mixed with olive oil, for today the Lord is going to appear 355 to you.’” 9:5 So they took what Moses had commanded to the front of 356 the Meeting Tent and the whole congregation presented them and stood before the Lord. 9:6 Then Moses said, “This is what the Lord has commanded you to do 357 so that the glory of the Lord may appear 358 to you.” 9:7 Moses then said to Aaron, “Approach the altar and make your sin offering and your burnt offering, and make atonement on behalf of yourself and on behalf of the people; 359 and also make the people’s offering and make atonement on behalf of them just as the Lord has commanded.”
9:8 So Aaron approached the altar and slaughtered the sin offering calf which was for himself. 9:9 Then Aaron’s sons presented the blood to him and he dipped his finger in the blood and put it on the horns of the altar, and the rest of the blood he poured out at the base of the altar. 9:10 The fat and the kidneys and the protruding lobe of 360 the liver from the sin offering he offered up in smoke on the altar just as the Lord had commanded Moses, 9:11 but the flesh and the hide he completely burned up 361 outside the camp. 362
9:12 He then slaughtered the burnt offering, and his sons 363 handed 364 the blood to him and he splashed 365 it against the altar’s sides. 9:13 The burnt offering itself they handed 366 to him by its parts, including the head, 367 and he offered them up in smoke on the altar, 9:14 and he washed the entrails and the legs and offered them up in smoke on top of the burnt offering on the altar.
9:15 Then he presented the people’s offering. He took the sin offering male goat which was for the people, slaughtered it, and performed a decontamination rite with it 368 like the first one. 369 9:16 He then presented the burnt offering, and did it according to the standard regulation. 370 9:17 Next he presented the grain offering, filled his hand with some of it, and offered it up in smoke on the altar in addition to the morning burnt offering. 371 9:18 Then he slaughtered the ox and the ram – the peace offering sacrifices which were for the people – and Aaron’s sons handed 372 the blood to him and he splashed it against the altar’s sides. 9:19 As for the fat parts from the ox and from the ram 373 (the fatty tail, the fat covering the entrails, 374 the kidneys, and the protruding lobe of the liver), 9:20 they 375 set those on the breasts and he offered the fat parts up in smoke on the altar. 9:21 Finally Aaron waved the breasts and the right thigh as a wave offering before the Lord just as Moses had commanded.
9:22 Then Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people and blessed them and descended from making the sin offering, the burnt offering, and the peace offering. 9:23 Moses and Aaron then entered into the Meeting Tent. When they came out, they blessed the people, and the glory of the Lord appeared to all the people. 9:24 Then fire went out from the presence of the Lord 376 and consumed the burnt offering and the fat parts on the altar, and all the people saw it, so they shouted loudly and fell down with their faces to the ground. 377
10:1 Then 378 Aaron’s sons, Nadab and Abihu, each took his fire pan and put fire in it, set incense on it, and presented strange fire 379 before the Lord, which he had not commanded them to do. 10:2 So fire went out from the presence of the Lord 380 and consumed them so that they died before the Lord. 10:3 Moses then said to Aaron, “This is what the Lord spoke: ‘Among the ones close to me I will show myself holy, 381 and in the presence of all the people I will be honored.’” 382 So Aaron kept silent. 10:4 Moses then called to Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel, Aaron’s uncle, and said to them, “Come near, carry your brothers away from the front of the sanctuary to a place outside the camp.” 10:5 So they came near and carried them away in their tunics to a place outside the camp just as Moses had spoken. 10:6 Then Moses said to Aaron and to Eleazar and Ithamar his other two sons, “Do not 383 dishevel the hair of your heads 384 and do not tear your garments, so that you do not die and so that wrath does not come on the whole congregation. Your brothers, all the house of Israel, are to mourn the burning which the Lord has caused, 385 10:7 but you must not go out from the entrance of the Meeting Tent lest you die, for the Lord’s anointing oil is on you.” So they acted according to the word of Moses.
10:8 Then the Lord spoke to Aaron, 10:9 “Do not drink wine or strong drink, you and your sons with you, when you enter into the Meeting Tent, so that you do not die, which is a perpetual statute throughout your generations, 386 10:10 as well as 387 to distinguish between the holy and the common, and between the unclean and the clean, 388 10:11 and to teach the Israelites all the statutes that the Lord has spoken to them through 389 Moses.”
10:12 Then Moses spoke to Aaron and to Eleazar and Ithamar, his remaining sons, “Take the grain offering which remains from the gifts of the Lord and eat it unleavened beside the altar, for it is most holy. 10:13 You must eat it in a holy place because it is your allotted portion 390 and the allotted portion of your sons from the gifts 391 of the Lord, for this is what I have been commanded. 392 10:14 Also, the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution offering you must eat in a ceremonially 393 clean place, you and your sons and daughters with you, for they have been given as your allotted portion and the allotted portion of your sons from the peace offering sacrifices of the Israelites. 394 10:15 The thigh of the contribution offering and the breast of the wave offering they must bring in addition to the gifts of the fat parts to wave them as a wave offering before the Lord, and it will belong to you and your sons with you for a perpetual statute just as the Lord has commanded.”
10:16 Later Moses sought diligently for the sin offering male goat, 395 but it had actually been burnt. 396 So he became angry at Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron’s remaining sons, saying, 10:17 “Why did you not eat the sin offering in the sanctuary? For it is most holy and he gave it to you to bear the iniquity of the congregation, 397 to make atonement on their behalf before the Lord. 10:18 See here! 398 Its blood was not brought into the holy place within! 399 You should certainly have eaten it in the sanctuary just as I commanded!” 10:19 But Aaron spoke to Moses, “See here! 400 Just today they presented their sin offering and their burnt offering before the Lord and such things as these have happened to me! If I had eaten a sin offering today would the Lord have been pleased?” 401 10:20 When Moses heard this explanation, he was satisfied. 402
11:1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them, 11:2 “Tell the Israelites: ‘This is the kind of creature you may eat from among all the animals 403 that are on the land. 11:3 You may eat any among the animals that has a divided hoof (the hooves are completely split in two 404 ) and that also chews the cud. 405 11:4 However, you must not eat these 406 from among those that chew the cud and have divided hooves: The camel is unclean to you 407 because it chews the cud 408 even though its hoof is not divided. 409 11:5 The rock badger 410 is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided. 11:6 The hare is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided. 11:7 The pig is unclean to you because its hoof is divided (the hoof is completely split in two 411 ), even though it does not chew the cud. 412 11:8 You must not eat from their meat and you must not touch their carcasses; 413 they are unclean to you.
11:9 “‘These you can eat from all creatures that are in the water: Any creatures in the water that have both fins and scales, 414 whether in the seas or in the streams, 415 you may eat. 11:10 But any creatures that do not have both fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the streams, from all the swarming things of the water and from all the living creatures that are in the water, are detestable to you. 11:11 Since they are detestable to you, you must not eat their meat and their carcass you must detest. 11:12 Any creature in the water that does not have both fins and scales is detestable to you.
11:13 “‘These you are to detest from among the birds – they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: 416 the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture, 11:14 the kite, the buzzard of any kind, 417 11:15 every kind of crow, 418 11:16 the eagle owl, 419 the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, the hawk of any kind, 11:17 the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl, 11:18 the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey, 11:19 the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
11:20 “‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours 420 is detestable to you. 11:21 However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs 421 to hop with on the land. 11:22 These you may eat from them: 422 the locust of any kind, the bald locust of any kind, the cricket of any kind, the grasshopper of any kind. 11:23 But any other winged swarming thing that has four legs is detestable to you.
11:24 “‘By these 423 you defile yourselves; anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening, 11:25 and anyone who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and will be unclean until the evening.
11:26 “‘All 424 animals that divide the hoof but it is not completely split in two 425 and do not chew the cud 426 are unclean to you; anyone who touches them becomes unclean. 427 11:27 All that walk on their paws among all the creatures that walk on all fours 428 are unclean to you. Anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening, 11:28 and the one who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening; they are unclean to you.
11:29 “‘Now this is what is unclean to you among the swarming things that swarm on the land: 429 the rat, the mouse, the large lizard of any kind, 11:30 the Mediterranean gecko, the spotted lizard, the wall gecko, the skink, and the chameleon. 11:31 These are the ones that are unclean to you among all the swarming things. Anyone who touches them when they die will be unclean until evening. 11:32 Also, anything they fall on 430 when they die will become unclean – any wood vessel or garment or article of leather or sackcloth. Any such vessel with which work is done must be immersed in water 431 and will be unclean until the evening. Then it will become clean. 11:33 As for any clay vessel they fall into, 432 everything in it 433 will become unclean and you must break it. 11:34 Any food that may be eaten which becomes soaked with water 434 will become unclean. Anything drinkable 435 in any such vessel will become unclean. 436 11:35 Anything their carcass may fall on will become unclean. An oven or small stove must be smashed to pieces; they are unclean, and they will stay unclean 437 to you. 11:36 However, a spring or a cistern which collects water 438 will be clean, but one who touches their carcass will be unclean. 11:37 Now, if such a carcass falls on any sowing seed which is to be sown, 439 it is clean, 11:38 but if water is put on the seed and such a carcass falls on it, it is unclean to you.
11:39 “‘Now if an animal 440 that you may eat dies, 441 whoever touches its carcass will be unclean until the evening. 11:40 One who eats from its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening, and whoever carries its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening. 11:41 Every swarming thing that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten. 11:42 You must not eat anything that crawls 442 on its belly or anything that walks on all fours or on any number of legs 443 of all the swarming things that swarm on the land, because they are detestable. 11:43 Do not make yourselves detestable by any of the swarming things. 444 You must not defile yourselves by them and become unclean by them, 11:44 for I am the Lord your God and you are to sanctify yourselves and be holy because I am holy. You must not defile yourselves by any of the swarming things that creep on the ground, 11:45 for I am the Lord who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be your God, 445 and you are to be holy because I am holy. 11:46 This is the law 446 of the land animals, the birds, all the living creatures that move in the water, and all the creatures 447 that swarm on the land, 11:47 to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, between the living creatures that may be eaten and the living creatures that must not be eaten.’”
12:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 12:2 “Tell the Israelites, ‘When a woman produces offspring 448 and bears a male child, 449 she will be unclean seven days, as she is unclean during the days of her menstruation. 450 12:3 On 451 the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin 452 must be circumcised. 12:4 Then she will remain 453 thirty-three days in blood purity. 454 She must not touch anything holy and she must not enter the sanctuary until the days of her purification are fulfilled. 455 12:5 If she bears a female child, she will be impure fourteen days as during her menstrual flow, and she will remain sixty-six days in 456 blood purity. 457
12:6 “‘When 458 the days of her purification are completed for a son or for a daughter, she must bring a one year old lamb 459 for a burnt offering 460 and a young pigeon or turtledove for a sin offering 461 to the entrance of the Meeting Tent, to the priest. 12:7 The priest 462 is to present it before the Lord and make atonement 463 on her behalf, and she will be clean 464 from her flow of blood. 465 This is the law of the one who bears a child, for the male or the female child. 12:8 If she cannot afford a sheep, 466 then she must take two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 467 one for a burnt offering and one for a sin offering, and the priest is to make atonement on her behalf, and she will be clean.’” 468
13:1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 13:2 “When someone has 469 a swelling 470 or a scab 471 or a bright spot 472 on the skin of his body 473 that may become a diseased infection, 474 he must be brought to Aaron the priest or one of his sons, the priests. 475 13:3 The priest must then examine the infection 476 on the skin of the body, and if the hair 477 in the infection has turned white and the infection appears to be deeper than the skin of the body, 478 then it is a diseased infection, 479 so when the priest examines it 480 he must pronounce the person unclean. 481
13:4 “If 482 it is a white bright spot on the skin of his body, but it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 483 and the hair has not turned white, then the priest is to quarantine the person with the infection for seven days. 484 13:5 The priest must then examine it on the seventh day, and if, 485 as far as he can see, the infection has stayed the same 486 and has not spread on the skin, 487 then the priest is to quarantine the person for another seven days. 488 13:6 The priest must then examine it again on the seventh day, 489 and if 490 the infection has faded and has not spread on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce the person clean. 491 It is a scab, 492 so he must wash his clothes 493 and be clean. 13:7 If, however, the scab is spreading further 494 on the skin after he has shown himself to the priest for his purification, then he must show himself to the priest a second time. 13:8 The priest must then examine it, 495 and if 496 the scab has spread on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 497 It is a disease.
13:9 “When someone has a diseased infection, 498 he must be brought to the priest. 13:10 The priest will then examine it, 499 and if 500 a white swelling is on the skin, it has turned the hair white, and there is raw flesh in the swelling, 501 13:11 it is a chronic 502 disease on the skin of his body, 503 so the priest is to pronounce him unclean. 504 The priest 505 must not merely quarantine him, for he is unclean. 506 13:12 If, however, the disease breaks out 507 on the skin so that the disease covers all the skin of the person with the infection 508 from his head to his feet, as far as the priest can see, 509 13:13 the priest must then examine it, 510 and if 511 the disease covers his whole body, he is to pronounce the person with the infection clean. 512 He has turned all white, so he is clean. 513 13:14 But whenever raw flesh appears in it 514 he will be unclean, 13:15 so the priest is to examine the raw flesh 515 and pronounce him unclean 516 – it is diseased. 13:16 If, however, 517 the raw flesh once again turns white, 518 then he must come to the priest. 13:17 The priest will then examine it, 519 and if 520 the infection has turned white, the priest is to pronounce the person with the infection clean 521 – he is clean.
13:18 “When someone’s body has a boil on its skin 522 and it heals, 13:19 and in the place of the boil there is a white swelling or a reddish white bright spot, he must show himself to the priest. 523 13:20 The priest will then examine it, 524 and if 525 it appears to be deeper than the skin 526 and its hair has turned white, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 527 It is a diseased infection that has broken out in the boil. 528 13:21 If, however, 529 the priest examines it, and 530 there is no white hair in it, it is not deeper than the skin, and it has faded, then the priest is to quarantine him for seven days. 531 13:22 If 532 it is spreading further 533 on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce him unclean. 534 It is an infection. 13:23 But if the bright spot stays in its place and has not spread, 535 it is the scar of the boil, so the priest is to pronounce him clean. 536
13:24 “When a body has a burn on its skin 537 and the raw area of the burn becomes a reddish white or white bright spot, 13:25 the priest must examine it, 538 and if 539 the hair has turned white in the bright spot and it appears to be deeper than the skin, 540 it is a disease that has broken out in the burn. 541 The priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 542 It is a diseased infection. 543 13:26 If, however, 544 the priest examines it and 545 there is no white hair in the bright spot, it is not deeper than the skin, 546 and it has faded, then the priest is to quarantine him for seven days. 547 13:27 The priest must then examine it on the seventh day, and if it is spreading further 548 on the skin, then the priest is to pronounce him unclean. It is a diseased infection. 549 13:28 But if the bright spot stays in its place, has not spread on the skin, 550 and it has faded, then it is the swelling of the burn, so the priest is to pronounce him clean, 551 because it is the scar of the burn.
13:29 “When a man or a woman has an infection on the head or in the beard, 552 13:30 the priest is to examine the infection, 553 and if 554 it appears to be deeper than the skin 555 and the hair in it is reddish yellow and thin, then the priest is to pronounce the person unclean. 556 It is scall, 557 a disease of the head or the beard. 558 13:31 But if the priest examines the scall infection and it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 559 and there is no black hair in it, then the priest is to quarantine the person with the scall infection for seven days. 560 13:32 The priest must then examine the infection on the seventh day, and if 561 the scall has not spread, there is no reddish yellow hair in it, and the scall does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 562 13:33 then the individual is to shave himself, 563 but he must not shave the area affected by the scall, 564 and the priest is to quarantine the person with the scall for another seven days. 565 13:34 The priest must then examine the scall on the seventh day, and if 566 the scall has not spread on the skin and it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, 567 then the priest is to pronounce him clean. 568 So he is to wash his clothes and be clean. 13:35 If, however, the scall spreads further 569 on the skin after his purification, 13:36 then the priest is to examine it, and if 570 the scall has spread on the skin the priest is not to search further for reddish yellow hair. 571 The person 572 is unclean. 13:37 If, as far as the priest can see, the scall has stayed the same 573 and black hair has sprouted in it, the scall has been healed; the person is clean. So the priest is to pronounce him clean. 574
13:38 “When a man or a woman has bright spots – white bright spots – on the skin of their body, 13:39 the priest is to examine them, 575 and if 576 the bright spots on the skin of their body are faded white, it is a harmless rash that has broken out on the skin. The person is clean. 577
13:40 “When a man’s head is bare so that he is balding in back, 578 he is clean. 13:41 If his head is bare on the forehead 579 so that he is balding in front, 580 he is clean. 13:42 But if there is a reddish white infection in the back or front bald area, it is a disease breaking out in his back or front bald area. 13:43 The priest is to examine it, 581 and if 582 the swelling of the infection is reddish white in the back or front bald area like the appearance of a disease on the skin of the body, 583 13:44 he is a diseased man. He is unclean. The priest must surely pronounce him unclean because of his infection on his head. 584
13:45 “As for the diseased person who has the infection, 585 his clothes must be torn, the hair of his head must be unbound, he must cover his mustache, 586 and he must call out ‘Unclean! Unclean!’ 13:46 The whole time he has the infection 587 he will be continually unclean. He must live in isolation, and his place of residence must be outside the camp.
13:47 “When a garment has a diseased infection in it, 588 whether a wool or linen garment, 589 13:48 or in the warp or woof 590 of the linen or the wool, or in leather or anything made of leather, 591 13:49 if the infection 592 in the garment or leather or warp or woof or any article of leather is yellowish green or reddish, it is a diseased infection and it must be shown to the priest. 13:50 The priest is to examine and then quarantine the article with the infection for seven days. 593 13:51 He must then examine the infection on the seventh day. If the infection has spread in the garment, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in the leather – whatever the article into which the leather was made 594 – the infection is a malignant disease. It is unclean. 13:52 He must burn the garment or the warp or the woof, whether wool or linen, or any article of leather which has the infection in it. Because it is a malignant disease it must be burned up in the fire. 13:53 But if the priest examines it and 595 the infection has not spread in the garment or in the warp or in the woof or in any article of leather, 13:54 the priest is to command that they wash whatever has the infection and quarantine it for another seven days. 596 13:55 The priest must then examine it after the infection has been washed out, and if 597 the infection has not changed its appearance 598 even though the infection has not spread, it is unclean. You must burn it up in the fire. It is a fungus, whether on the back side or front side of the article. 599 13:56 But if the priest has examined it and 600 the infection has faded after it has been washed, he is to tear it out of 601 the garment or the leather or the warp or the woof. 13:57 Then if 602 it still appears again in the garment or the warp or the woof, or in any article of leather, it is an outbreak. Whatever has the infection in it you must burn up in the fire. 13:58 But the garment or the warp or the woof or any article of leather which you wash and infection disappears from it 603 is to be washed a second time and it will be clean.”
13:59 This is the law 604 of the diseased infection in the garment of wool or linen, or the warp or woof, or any article of leather, for pronouncing it clean or unclean. 605
14:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 14:2 “This is the law of the diseased person on the day of his purification, when 606 he is brought to the priest. 607 14:3 The priest is to go outside the camp and examine the infection. 608 If the infection of the diseased person has been healed, 609 14:4 then the priest will command that two live clean birds, a piece of cedar wood, a scrap of crimson fabric, 610 and some twigs of hyssop 611 be taken up 612 for the one being cleansed. 613 14:5 The priest will then command that one bird be slaughtered 614 into a clay vessel over fresh water. 615 14:6 Then 616 he is to take the live bird along with the piece of cedar wood, the scrap of crimson fabric, and the twigs of hyssop, and he is to dip them and the live bird in the blood of the bird slaughtered over the fresh water, 14:7 and sprinkle it seven times on the one being cleansed 617 from the disease, pronounce him clean, 618 and send the live bird away over the open countryside. 619
14:8 “The one being cleansed 620 must then wash his clothes, shave off all his hair, and bathe in water, and so be clean. 621 Then afterward he may enter the camp, but he must live outside his tent seven days. 14:9 When the seventh day comes 622 he must shave all his hair – his head, his beard, his eyebrows, all his hair – and he must wash his clothes, bathe his body in water, and so be clean. 623
14:10 “On the eighth day he 624 must take two flawless male lambs, one flawless yearling female lamb, three-tenths of an ephah of choice wheat flour as a grain offering mixed with olive oil, 625 and one log of olive oil, 626 14:11 and the priest who pronounces him clean will have the man who is being cleansed stand along with these offerings 627 before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent.
14:12 “The priest is to take one male lamb 628 and present it for a guilt offering 629 along with the log of olive oil and present them as a wave offering before the Lord. 630 14:13 He must then slaughter 631 the male lamb in the place where 632 the sin offering 633 and the burnt offering 634 are slaughtered, 635 in the sanctuary, because, like the sin offering, the guilt offering belongs to the priest; 636 it is most holy. 14:14 Then the priest is to take some of the blood of the guilt offering and put it on the right earlobe of the one being cleansed, 637 on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe 638 of his right foot. 14:15 The priest will then take some of the log of olive oil and pour it into his own left hand. 639 14:16 Then the priest is to dip his right forefinger into the olive oil 640 that is in his left hand, and sprinkle some of the olive oil with his finger seven times before the Lord. 14:17 The priest will then put some of the rest of the olive oil that is in his hand 641 on the right earlobe of the one being cleansed, on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot, on the blood of the guilt offering, 14:18 and the remainder of the olive oil 642 that is in his hand the priest is to put on the head of the one being cleansed. So the priest is to make atonement for him before the Lord.
14:19 “The priest must then perform the sin offering 643 and make atonement for the one being cleansed from his impurity. After that he 644 is to slaughter the burnt offering, 14:20 and the priest is to offer 645 the burnt offering and the grain offering on the altar. So the priest is to make atonement for him and he will be clean.
14:21 “If the person is poor and does not have sufficient means, 646 he must take one male lamb as a guilt offering for a wave offering to make atonement for himself, one-tenth of an ephah of choice wheat flour mixed with olive oil for a grain offering, a log of olive oil, 647 14:22 and two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 648 which are within his means. 649 One will be a sin offering and the other a burnt offering. 650
14:23 “On the eighth day he must bring them for his purification to the priest at the entrance 651 of the Meeting Tent before the Lord, 14:24 and the priest is to take the male lamb of the guilt offering and the log of olive oil and wave them 652 as a wave offering before the Lord. 14:25 Then he is to slaughter the male lamb of the guilt offering, and the priest is to take some of the blood of the guilt offering and put it on the right earlobe of the one being cleansed, 653 on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe 654 of his right foot. 14:26 The priest will then pour some of the olive oil into his own left hand, 655 14:27 and sprinkle some of the olive oil that is in his left hand with his right forefinger 656 seven times before the Lord. 14:28 Then the priest is to put some of the olive oil that is in his hand 657 on the right earlobe of the one being cleansed, on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot, on the place of the blood of the guilt offering, 14:29 and the remainder of the olive oil that is in the hand 658 of the priest he is to put 659 on the head of the one being cleansed to make atonement for him before the Lord.
14:30 “He will then make one of the turtledoves 660 or young pigeons, which are within his means, 661 14:31 a sin offering and the other a burnt offering along with the grain offering. 662 So the priest is to make atonement for the one being cleansed before the Lord. 14:32 This is the law of the one in whom there is a diseased infection, 663 who does not have sufficient means for his purification.” 664
14:33 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 14:34 “When you enter the land of Canaan which I am about to give 665 to you for a possession, and I put 666 a diseased infection in a house in the land you are to possess, 667 14:35 then whoever owns the house 668 must come and declare to the priest, ‘Something like an infection is visible to me in the house.’ 14:36 Then the priest will command that the house be cleared 669 before the priest enters to examine the infection 670 so that everything in the house 671 does not become unclean, 672 and afterward 673 the priest will enter to examine the house. 14:37 He is to examine the infection, and if 674 the infection in the walls of the house consists of yellowish green or reddish eruptions, 675 and it appears to be deeper than the surface of the wall, 676 14:38 then the priest is to go out of the house to the doorway of the house and quarantine the house for seven days. 677 14:39 The priest must return on the seventh day and examine it, and if 678 the infection has spread in the walls of the house, 14:40 then the priest is to command that the stones that had the infection in them be pulled and thrown 679 outside the city 680 into an unclean place. 14:41 Then he is to have the house scraped 681 all around on the inside, 682 and the plaster 683 which is scraped off 684 must be dumped outside the city 685 into an unclean place. 14:42 They are then to take other stones and replace those stones, 686 and he is to take other plaster and replaster the house.
14:43 “If the infection returns and breaks out in the house after he has pulled out the stones, scraped the house, and it is replastered, 687 14:44 the priest is to come and examine it, and if 688 the infection has spread in the house, it is a malignant disease in the house. It is unclean. 14:45 He must tear down the house, 689 its stones, its wood, and all the plaster of the house, and bring all of it 690 outside the city to an unclean place. 14:46 Anyone who enters 691 the house all the days the priest 692 has quarantined it will be unclean until evening. 14:47 Anyone who lies down in the house must wash his clothes. Anyone who eats in the house must wash his clothes.
14:48 “If, however, the priest enters 693 and examines it, and the 694 infection has not spread in the house after the house has been replastered, then the priest is to pronounce the house clean because the infection has been healed. 14:49 Then he 695 is to take two birds, a piece of cedar wood, a scrap of crimson fabric, and some twigs of hyssop 696 to decontaminate 697 the house, 14:50 and he is to slaughter one bird into a clay vessel over fresh water. 698 14:51 He must then take the piece of cedar wood, the twigs of hyssop, the scrap of crimson fabric, and the live bird, and dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and in the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times. 14:52 So he is to decontaminate the house with the blood of the bird, the fresh water, the live bird, the piece of cedar wood, the twigs of hyssop, and the scrap of crimson fabric, 14:53 and he is to send the live bird away outside the city 699 into the open countryside. So he is to make atonement for the house and it will be clean.
14:54 “This is the law for all diseased infections, for scall, 700 14:55 for the diseased garment, 701 for the house, 702 14:56 for the swelling, 703 for the scab, 704 and for the bright spot, 705 14:57 to teach when something is unclean and when it is clean. 706 This is the law for dealing with infectious disease.” 707
15:1 The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron: 15:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When any man 708 has a discharge 709 from his body, 710 his discharge is unclean. 15:3 Now this is his uncleanness in regard to his discharge 711 – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, he is unclean. All the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, 712 this is his uncleanness. 713
15:4 “‘Any bed the man with a discharge lies on will be unclean, 714 and any furniture he sits on will be unclean. 715 15:5 Anyone who touches his bed 716 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 717 15:6 The one who sits on the furniture the man with a discharge sits on must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:7 The one who touches the body 718 of the man with a discharge must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:8 If the man with a discharge spits on a person who is ceremonially clean, 719 that person must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:9 Any means of riding 720 the man with a discharge rides on will be unclean. 15:10 Anyone who touches anything that was under him 721 will be unclean until evening, and the one who carries those items 722 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:11 Anyone whom the man with the discharge touches without having rinsed his hands in water 723 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:12 A clay vessel 724 which the man with the discharge touches must be broken, and any wooden utensil must be rinsed in water.
15:13 “‘When the man with the discharge becomes clean from his discharge he is to count off for himself seven days for his purification, and he must wash his clothes, bathe in fresh water, 725 and be clean. 15:14 Then on the eighth day he is to take for himself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, 726 and he is to present himself 727 before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent and give them to the priest, 15:15 and the priest is to make one of them a sin offering 728 and the other a burnt offering. 729 So the priest 730 is to make atonement for him before the Lord for 731 his discharge.
15:16 “‘When a man has a seminal emission, 732 he must bathe his whole body in water 733 and be unclean until evening, 15:17 and he must wash in water any clothing or leather that has semen on it, and it will be unclean until evening. 15:18 When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman and there is a seminal emission, 734 they must bathe in water and be unclean until evening.
15:19 “‘When a woman has a discharge 735 and her discharge is blood from her body, 736 she is to be in her menstruation 737 seven days, and anyone who touches her will be unclean until evening. 15:20 Anything she lies on during her menstruation will be unclean, and anything she sits on will be unclean. 15:21 Anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:22 Anyone who touches any furniture she sits on must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 15:23 If there is something on the bed or on the furniture she sits on, 738 when he touches it 739 he will be unclean until evening, 15:24 and if a man actually has sexual intercourse with her so that her menstrual impurity touches him, 740 then he will be unclean seven days and any bed he lies on will be unclean.
15:25 “‘When a woman’s discharge of blood flows 741 many days not at the time of her menstruation, or if it flows beyond the time of her menstruation, 742 all the days of her discharge of impurity will be like the days of her menstruation – she is unclean. 15:26 Any bed she lies on all the days of her discharge will be to her like the bed of her menstruation, any furniture she sits on will be unclean like the impurity of her menstruation, 15:27 and anyone who touches them will be unclean, and he must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 743
15:28 “‘If 744 she becomes clean from her discharge, then she is to count off for herself seven days, and afterward she will be clean. 15:29 Then on the eighth day she must take for herself two turtledoves or two young pigeons 745 and she must bring them to the priest at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, 15:30 and the priest is to make one a sin offering and the other a burnt offering. 746 So the priest 747 is to make atonement for her before the Lord from her discharge of impurity.
15:31 “‘Thus you 748 are to set the Israelites apart from their impurity so that they 749 do not die in their impurity by defiling my tabernacle which is in their midst. 15:32 This is the law of the one with a discharge: the one who has a seminal emission 750 and becomes unclean by it, 751 15:33 the one who is sick in her menstruation, the one with a discharge, whether male or female, 752 and a man 753 who has sexual intercourse with an unclean woman.’”
16:1 The Lord spoke to Moses after the death of Aaron’s two sons when they approached the presence of the Lord 754 and died, 16:2 and the Lord said to Moses: “Tell Aaron your brother that he must not enter at any time into the holy place inside the veil-canopy 755 in front of the atonement plate 756 that is on the ark so that he may not die, for I will appear in the cloud over the atonement plate.
16:3 “In this way Aaron is to enter into the sanctuary – with a young bull 757 for a sin offering 758 and a ram for a burnt offering. 759 16:4 He must put on a holy linen tunic, 760 linen leggings are to cover his body, 761 and he is to wrap himself with a linen sash 762 and wrap his head with a linen turban. 763 They are holy garments, so he must bathe 764 his body in water and put them on. 16:5 He must also take 765 two male goats 766 from the congregation of the Israelites for a sin offering and one ram for a burnt offering. 16:6 Then Aaron is to present the sin offering bull which is for himself and is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household. 16:7 He must then take the two goats 767 and stand them before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, 16:8 and Aaron is to cast lots over the two goats, 768 one lot for the Lord and one lot for Azazel. 769 16:9 Aaron must then present the goat which has been designated by lot for the Lord, 770 and he is to make it a sin offering, 16:10 but the goat which has been designated by lot for Azazel is to be stood alive 771 before the Lord to make atonement on it by sending it away to Azazel into the wilderness. 772
16:11 “Aaron is to present the sin offering bull which is for himself, and he is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household. He is to slaughter the sin offering bull which is for himself, 16:12 and take a censer full of coals of fire from the altar before the Lord 773 and a full double handful of finely ground fragrant incense, 774 and bring them inside the veil-canopy. 775 16:13 He must then put the incense on the fire before the Lord, and the cloud of incense will cover the atonement plate which is above the ark of the testimony, 776 so that he will not die. 777 16:14 Then he is to take some of the blood of the bull and sprinkle it with his finger on the eastern face of the atonement plate, 778 and in front of the atonement plate he is to sprinkle some of the blood seven times with his finger. 779
16:15 “He must then slaughter the sin offering goat which is for the people. He is to bring its blood inside the veil-canopy, 780 and he is to do with its blood just as he did to the blood of the bull: He is to sprinkle it on the atonement plate and in front of the atonement plate. 16:16 So 781 he is to make atonement for the holy place from the impurities of the Israelites and from their transgressions with regard to all their sins, 782 and thus he is to do for the Meeting Tent which resides with them in the midst of their impurities. 16:17 Nobody is to be in the Meeting Tent 783 when he enters to make atonement in the holy place until he goes out, and he has made atonement on his behalf, on behalf of his household, and on behalf of the whole assembly of Israel.
16:18 “Then 784 he is to go out to the altar which is before the Lord and make atonement for it. He is to take 785 some of the blood of the bull and some of the blood of the goat, and put it all around on the horns of the altar. 16:19 Then he is to sprinkle on it some of the blood with his finger seven times, and cleanse and consecrate it 786 from the impurities of the Israelites.
16:20 “When he has finished purifying the holy place, 787 the Meeting Tent, and the altar, he is to present the live goat. 16:21 Aaron is to lay his two hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities of the Israelites and all their transgressions in regard to all their sins, 788 and thus he is to put them 789 on the head of the goat and send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a man standing ready. 790 16:22 The goat is to bear on itself all their iniquities into an inaccessible land, 791 so he is to send the goat away 792 in the wilderness.
16:23 “Aaron must then enter 793 the Meeting Tent and take off the linen garments which he had put on when he entered the sanctuary, and leave them there. 16:24 Then he must bathe his body in water in a holy place, put on his clothes, and go out and make his burnt offering and the people’s burnt offering. So he is to make atonement 794 on behalf of himself and the people. 795
16:25 “Then he is to offer up the fat of the sin offering 796 in smoke on the altar, 16:26 and the one who sent the goat away to Azazel 797 must wash his clothes, bathe his body in water, and afterward he may reenter the camp. 16:27 The bull of the sin offering and the goat of the sin offering, whose blood was brought to make atonement in the holy place, must be brought outside the camp 798 and their hide, their flesh, and their dung must be burned up, 799 16:28 and the one who burns them must wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and afterward he may reenter the camp.
16:29 “This is to be a perpetual statute for you. 800 In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves 801 and do no work of any kind, 802 both the native citizen and the foreigner who resides 803 in your midst, 16:30 for on this day atonement is to be made for you to cleanse you from all your sins; you must be clean before the Lord. 804 16:31 It is to be a Sabbath of complete rest for you, and you must humble yourselves. 805 It is a perpetual statute. 806
16:32 “The priest who is anointed and ordained to act as high priest in place of his father 807 is to make atonement. He is to put on the linen garments, the holy garments, 16:33 and he is to purify 808 the Most Holy Place, 809 he is to purify the Meeting Tent and the altar, 810 and he is to make atonement for 811 the priests and for all the people of the assembly. 16:34 This is to be a perpetual statute for you 812 to make atonement for the Israelites for 813 all their sins once a year.” 814 So he did just as the Lord had commanded Moses. 815
17:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 17:2 “Speak to Aaron, his sons, and all the Israelites, and tell them: ‘This is the word that the Lord has commanded: 17:3 “Blood guilt 816 will be accounted to any man 817 from the house of Israel 818 who slaughters an ox or a lamb or a goat inside the camp or outside the camp, 819 17:4 but has not brought it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent 820 to present it as 821 an offering to the Lord before the tabernacle of the Lord. He has shed blood, so that man will be cut off from the midst of his people. 822 17:5 This is so that 823 the Israelites will bring their sacrifices that they are sacrificing in the open field 824 to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent to the priest and sacrifice them there as peace offering sacrifices to the Lord. 17:6 The priest is to splash 825 the blood on the altar 826 of the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, and offer the fat up in smoke for a soothing aroma to the Lord. 17:7 So they must no longer offer 827 their sacrifices to the goat demons, 828 acting like prostitutes by going after them. 829 This is to be a perpetual statute for them throughout their generations. 830
17:8 “You are to say to them: ‘Any man 831 from the house of Israel or 832 from the foreigners who reside 833 in their 834 midst, who offers 835 a burnt offering or a sacrifice 17:9 but does not bring it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent to offer it 836 to the Lord – that person will be cut off from his people. 837
17:10 “‘Any man 838 from the house of Israel or from the foreigners who reside 839 in their 840 midst who eats any blood, I will set my face against that person who eats the blood, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people, 841 17:11 for the life of every living thing 842 is in the blood. 843 So I myself have assigned it to you 844 on the altar to make atonement for your lives, for the blood makes atonement by means of the life. 845 17:12 Therefore, I have said to the Israelites: No person among you is to eat blood, 846 and no resident foreigner who lives among you is to eat blood. 847
17:13 “‘Any man from the Israelites 848 or from the foreigners who reside 849 in their 850 midst who hunts a wild animal 851 or a bird that may be eaten 852 must pour out its blood and cover it with soil, 17:14 for the life of all flesh is its blood. 853 So I have said to the Israelites: You must not eat the blood of any living thing 854 because the life of every living thing is its blood – all who eat it will be cut off. 855
17:15 “‘Any person 856 who eats an animal that has died of natural causes 857 or an animal torn by beasts, whether a native citizen or a foreigner, 858 must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening; then he becomes clean. 17:16 But if he does not wash his clothes 859 and does not bathe his body, he will bear his punishment for iniquity.’” 860
18:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 18:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘I am the Lord your God! 18:3 You must not do as they do in the land of Egypt where you have been living, 861 and you must not do as they do in the land of Canaan into which I am about to bring you; 862 you must not 863 walk in their statutes. 18:4 You must observe my regulations 864 and you must be sure to walk in my statutes. 865 I am the Lord your God. 18:5 So you must keep 866 my statutes and my regulations; anyone who does so will live by keeping them. 867 I am the Lord.
18:6 “‘No man is to approach any close relative 868 to have sexual intercourse with her. 869 I am the Lord. 870 18:7 You must not 871 expose your father’s nakedness by having sexual intercourse with your mother. 872 She is your mother; you must not have intercourse with her. 18:8 You must not have sexual intercourse with your father’s wife; she is your father’s nakedness. 873 18:9 You must not have sexual intercourse with your sister, whether she is your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter, 874 whether she is born in the same household or born outside it; 875 you must not have sexual intercourse with either of them. 876 18:10 You must not expose the nakedness of your son’s daughter or your daughter’s daughter by having sexual intercourse with them, because they are your own nakedness. 877 18:11 You must not have sexual intercourse with the daughter of your father’s wife born of your father; she is your sister. You must not have intercourse with her. 878 18:12 You must not have sexual intercourse with your father’s sister; she is your father’s flesh. 879 18:13 You must not have sexual intercourse with your mother’s sister, because she is your mother’s flesh. 18:14 You must not expose the nakedness of your father’s brother; you must not approach his wife to have sexual intercourse with her. 880 She is your aunt. 881 18:15 You must not have sexual intercourse with your daughter-in-law; she is your son’s wife. You must not have intercourse with her. 18:16 You must not have sexual intercourse with your brother’s wife; she is your brother’s nakedness. 882 18:17 You must not have sexual intercourse with both a woman and her daughter; you must not take as wife either her son’s daughter or her daughter’s daughter to have intercourse with them. 883 They are closely related to her 884 – it is lewdness. 885 18:18 You must not take a woman in marriage and then marry her sister as a rival wife 886 while she is still alive, 887 to have sexual intercourse with her.
18:19 “‘You must not approach a woman in her menstrual impurity 888 to have sexual intercourse with her. 18:20 You must not have sexual intercourse 889 with the wife of your fellow citizen to become unclean with her. 18:21 You must not give any of your children as an offering to Molech, 890 so that you do not profane 891 the name of your God. I am the Lord! 18:22 You must not have sexual intercourse with a male as one has sexual intercourse with a woman; 892 it is a detestable act. 893 18:23 You must not have sexual intercourse 894 with any animal to become defiled with it, and a woman must not stand before an animal to have sexual intercourse with it; 895 it is a perversion. 896
18:24 “‘Do not defile yourselves with any of these things, for the nations which I am about to drive out before you 897 have been defiled with all these things. 18:25 Therefore 898 the land has become unclean and I have brought the punishment for its iniquity upon it, 899 so that the land has vomited out its inhabitants. 18:26 You yourselves must obey 900 my statutes and my regulations and must not do any of these abominations, both the native citizen and the resident foreigner in your midst, 901 18:27 for the people who were in the land before you have done all these abominations, 902 and the land has become unclean. 18:28 So do not make the land vomit you out because you defile it 903 just as it has vomited out the nations 904 that were before you. 18:29 For if anyone does any of these abominations, the persons who do them will be cut off from the midst of their people. 905 18:30 You must obey my charge to not practice any of the abominable statutes 906 that have been done before you, so that you do not 907 defile yourselves by them. I am the Lord your God.’”
19:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 19:2 “Speak to the whole congregation of the Israelites and tell them, ‘You must be holy because I, the Lord your God, am holy. 19:3 Each of you must respect his mother and his father, 908 and you must keep my Sabbaths. I am the Lord your God. 19:4 Do not turn to idols, 909 and you must not make for yourselves gods of cast metal. I am the Lord your God.
19:5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you. 910 19:6 It must be eaten on the day of your sacrifice and on the following day, 911 but what is left over until the third day must be burned up. 912 19:7 If, however, it is eaten 913 on the third day, it is spoiled, 914 it will not be accepted, 19:8 and the one who eats it will bear his punishment for iniquity 915 because he has profaned 916 what is holy to the Lord. 917 That person will be cut off from his people. 918
19:9 “‘When you gather in the harvest 919 of your land, you must not completely harvest the corner of your field, 920 and you must not gather up the gleanings of your harvest. 19:10 You must not pick your vineyard bare, 921 and you must not gather up the fallen grapes of your vineyard. You must leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the Lord your God.
19:11 “‘You must not steal, you must not tell lies, and you must not deal falsely with your fellow citizen. 922 19:12 You must not swear falsely 923 in my name, so that you do not profane 924 the name of your God. I am the Lord. 19:13 You must not oppress your neighbor or commit robbery against him. 925 You must not withhold 926 the wages of the hired laborer overnight until morning. 19:14 You must not curse a deaf person or put a stumbling block in front of a blind person. 927 You must fear 928 your God; I am the Lord.
19:15 “‘You 929 must not deal unjustly in judgment: 930 you must neither show partiality to the poor nor honor the rich. 931 You must judge your fellow citizen fairly. 932 19:16 You must not go about as a slanderer among your people. 933 You must not stand idly by when your neighbor’s life is at stake. 934 I am the Lord. 19:17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. 935 19:18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge 936 against the children of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. 937 I am the Lord. 19:19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed, 938 you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed, and you must not wear 939 a garment made of two different kinds of fabric. 940
19:20 “‘When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman, 941 although she is a slave woman designated for another man and she has not yet been ransomed, or freedom has not been granted to her, there will be an obligation to pay compensation. 942 They must not be put to death, because she was not free. 19:21 He must bring his guilt offering to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, a guilt offering ram, 943 19:22 and the priest is to make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering before the Lord for his sin that he has committed, 944 and he will be forgiven 945 of his sin 946 that he has committed.
19:23 “‘When you enter the land and plant any fruit tree, 947 you must consider its fruit to be forbidden. 948 Three years it will be forbidden to you; 949 it must not be eaten. 19:24 In the fourth year all its fruit will be holy, praise offerings 950 to the Lord. 19:25 Then in the fifth year you may eat its fruit to add its produce to your harvest. 951 I am the Lord your God.
19:26 “‘You must not eat anything with the blood still in it. 952 You must not practice either divination or soothsaying. 953 19:27 You must not round off the corners of the hair on your head or ruin the corners of your beard. 954 19:28 You must not slash your body for a dead person 955 or incise a tattoo on yourself. 956 I am the Lord. 19:29 Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, 957 so that the land does not practice prostitution and become full of lewdness. 958
19:30 “‘You must keep my Sabbaths and fear my sanctuary. I am the Lord. 19:31 Do not turn to the spirits of the dead and do not seek familiar spirits 959 to become unclean by them. I am the Lord your God. 19:32 You must stand up in the presence of the aged, honor the presence of an elder, and fear your God. I am the Lord. 19:33 When a foreigner resides 960 with you in your land, you must not oppress him. 19:34 The foreigner who resides with you must be to you like a native citizen among you; so 961 you must love him as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. 19:35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume. 962 19:36 You must have honest balances, 963 honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. 964 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt. 19:37 You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations. 965 I am the Lord.’”
20:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 20:2 “You are to say to the Israelites, ‘Any man from the Israelites or from the foreigners who reside in Israel 966 who gives any of his children 967 to Molech 968 must be put to death; the people of the land must pelt him with stones. 969 20:3 I myself will set my face 970 against that man and cut him off from the midst of his people, 971 because he has given some of his children to Molech and thereby defiled my sanctuary and profaned my holy name. 972 20:4 If, however, the people of the land shut their eyes 973 to that man 974 when he gives some of his children to Molech so that they do not put him to death, 20:5 I myself will set my face against that man and his clan. I will cut off from the midst of their people both him and all who follow after him in spiritual prostitution, 975 to commit prostitution by worshiping Molech. 976
20:6 “‘The person who turns to the spirits of the dead and familiar spirits 978 to commit prostitution by going after them, I will set my face 979 against that person and cut him off from the midst of his people.
20:7 “‘You must sanctify yourselves and be holy, because I am the Lord your God. 20:8 You must be sure to obey my statutes. 980 I am the Lord who sanctifies you.
20:9 “‘If anyone 982 curses his father and mother 983 he must be put to death. He has cursed his father and mother; his blood guilt is on himself. 984 20:10 If a man 985 commits adultery with his neighbor’s wife, 986 both the adulterer and the adulteress must be put to death. 20:11 If a man has sexual intercourse with his father’s wife, he has exposed his father’s nakedness. 987 Both of them must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves. 988 20:12 If a man has sexual intercourse with his daughter-in-law, both of them must be put to death. They have committed perversion; 989 their blood guilt is on themselves. 20:13 If a man has sexual intercourse with a male as one has sexual intercourse with a woman, 990 the two of them have committed an abomination. They must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves. 20:14 If a man has sexual intercourse with both a woman and her mother, 991 it is lewdness. 992 Both he and they must be burned to death, 993 so there is no lewdness in your midst. 20:15 If a man has sexual intercourse 994 with any animal, he must be put to death, and you must kill the animal. 20:16 If a woman approaches any animal to have sexual intercourse with it, 995 you must kill the woman, and the animal must be put to death; their blood guilt is on themselves.
20:17 “‘If a man has sexual intercourse with 996 his sister, whether the daughter of his father or his mother, so that he sees her nakedness and she sees his nakedness, it is a disgrace. They must be cut off in the sight of the children of their people. 997 He has exposed his sister’s nakedness; he will bear his punishment for iniquity. 998 20:18 If a man has sexual intercourse with a menstruating woman and uncovers her nakedness, he has laid bare her fountain of blood and she has exposed the fountain of her blood, so both of them 999 must be cut off from the midst of their people. 20:19 You must not expose the nakedness of your mother’s sister and your father’s sister, for such a person has laid bare his own close relative. 1000 They must bear their punishment for iniquity. 1001 20:20 If a man has sexual intercourse with his aunt, he has exposed his uncle’s nakedness; they must bear responsibility for their sin, they will die childless. 20:21 If a man has sexual intercourse with 1002 his brother’s wife, it is indecency. He has exposed his brother’s nakedness; 1003 they will be childless.
20:22 “‘You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations, 1004 so that 1005 the land to which I am about to bring you to take up residence there does not vomit you out. 20:23 You must not walk in the statutes of the nation 1006 which I am about to drive out before you, because they have done all these things and I am filled with disgust against them. 20:24 So I have said to you: You yourselves will possess their land and I myself will give it to you for a possession, a land flowing with milk and honey. I am the Lord your God who has set you apart from the other peoples. 1007 20:25 Therefore you must distinguish 1008 between the clean animal and the unclean, and between the unclean bird and the clean, and you must not make yourselves detestable by means of an animal or bird or anything that creeps on the ground – creatures 1009 I have distinguished for you as unclean. 1010 20:26 You must be holy to me because I, the Lord, am holy, and I have set you apart from the other peoples to be mine.
20:27 “‘A man or woman who 1011 has in them a spirit of the dead or a familiar spirit 1012 must be put to death. They must pelt them with stones; 1013 their blood guilt is on themselves.’”
21:1 The Lord said to Moses: “Say to the priests, the sons of Aaron – say to them, ‘For a dead person 1014 no priest 1015 is to defile himself among his people, 1016 21:2 except for his close relative who is near to him: 1017 his mother, his father, his son, his daughter, his brother, 21:3 and his virgin sister who is near to him, 1018 who has no husband; he may defile himself for her. 21:4 He must not defile himself as a husband among his people so as to profane himself. 1019 21:5 Priests 1020 must not have a bald spot shaved on their head, they must not shave the corner of their beard, and they must not cut slashes in their body. 1021
21:6 “‘They must be holy to their God, and they must not profane 1022 the name of their God, because they are the ones who present the Lord’s gifts, 1023 the food of their God. Therefore they must be holy. 1024 21:7 They must not take a wife defiled by prostitution, 1025 nor are they to take a wife divorced from her husband, 1026 for the priest 1027 is holy to his God. 1028 21:8 You must sanctify him because he presents the food of your God. He must be holy to you because I, the Lord who sanctifies you all, 1029 am holy. 21:9 If a daughter of a priest profanes herself by engaging in prostitution, she is profaning her father. She must be burned to death. 1030
21:10 “‘The high 1031 priest – who is greater than his brothers, on whose head the anointing oil is poured, who has been ordained 1032 to wear the priestly garments – must neither dishevel the hair of his head nor tear his garments. 1033 21:11 He must not go where there is any dead person; 1034 he must not defile himself even for his father and his mother. 21:12 He must not go out from the sanctuary and must not profane 1035 the sanctuary of his God, because the dedication of the anointing oil of his God is on him. I am the Lord. 21:13 He must take a wife who is a virgin. 1036 21:14 He must not marry 1037 a widow, a divorced woman, or one profaned by prostitution; he may only take a virgin from his people 1038 as a wife. 21:15 He must not profane his children among his people, 1039 for I am the Lord who sanctifies him.’”
21:16 The Lord spoke to Moses: 21:17 “Tell Aaron, ‘No man from your descendants throughout their generations 1040 who has a physical flaw 1041 is to approach to present the food of his God. 21:18 Certainly 1042 no man who has a physical flaw is to approach: a blind man, or one who is lame, or one with a slit nose, 1043 or a limb too long, 21:19 or a man who has had a broken leg or arm, 1044 21:20 or a hunchback, or a dwarf, 1045 or one with a spot in his eye, 1046 or a festering eruption, or a feverish rash, 1047 or a crushed testicle. 21:21 No man from the descendants of Aaron the priest who has a physical flaw may step forward 1048 to present the Lord’s gifts; he has a physical flaw, so he must not step forward to present the food of his God. 21:22 He may eat both the most holy and the holy food of his God, 21:23 but he must not go into the veil-canopy 1049 or step forward to the altar because he has a physical flaw. Thus 1050 he must not profane my holy places, for I am the Lord who sanctifies them.’”
21:24 So 1051 Moses spoke these things 1052 to Aaron, his sons, and all the Israelites.
22:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 22:2 “Tell Aaron and his sons that they must deal respectfully with the holy offerings 1053 of the Israelites, which they consecrate to me, so that they do not profane my holy name. 1054 I am the Lord. 22:3 Say to them, ‘Throughout your generations, 1055 if any man from all your descendants approaches the holy offerings which the Israelites consecrate 1056 to the Lord while he is impure, 1057 that person must be cut off from before me. 1058 I am the Lord. 22:4 No man 1059 from the descendants of Aaron who is diseased or has a discharge 1060 may eat the holy offerings until he becomes clean. The one 1061 who touches anything made unclean by contact with a dead person, 1062 or a man who has a seminal emission, 1063 22:5 or a man who touches a swarming thing by which he becomes unclean, 1064 or touches a person 1065 by which he becomes unclean, whatever that person’s impurity 1066 – 22:6 the person who touches any of these 1067 will be unclean until evening and must not eat from the holy offerings unless he has bathed his body in water. 22:7 When the sun goes down he will be clean, and afterward he may eat from the holy offerings, because they are his food. 22:8 He must not eat an animal that has died of natural causes 1068 or an animal torn by beasts and thus become unclean by it. I am the Lord. 22:9 They must keep my charge so that they do not incur sin on account of it 1069 and therefore die 1070 because they profane it. I am the Lord who sanctifies them.
22:10 “‘No lay person 1071 may eat anything holy. Neither a priest’s lodger 1072 nor a hired laborer may eat anything holy, 22:11 but if a priest buys a person with his own money, 1073 that person 1074 may eat the holy offerings, 1075 and those born in the priest’s 1076 own house may eat his food. 1077 22:12 If a priest’s daughter marries a lay person, 1078 she may not eat the holy contribution offerings, 1079 22:13 but if a priest’s daughter is a widow or divorced, and she has no children so that she returns to live in 1080 her father’s house as in her youth, 1081 she may eat from her father’s food, but no lay person may eat it.
22:14 “‘If a man eats a holy offering by mistake, 1082 he must add one fifth to it and give the holy offering to the priest. 1083 22:15 They 1084 must not profane the holy offerings which the Israelites contribute 1085 to the Lord, 1086 22:16 and so cause them to incur a penalty for guilt 1087 when they eat their holy offerings, 1088 for I am the Lord who sanctifies them.’”
22:17 The Lord spoke to Moses: 22:18 “Speak to Aaron, his sons, and all the Israelites and tell them, ‘When any man 1089 from the house of Israel or from the foreigners in Israel 1090 presents his offering for any of the votive or freewill offerings which they present to the Lord as a burnt offering, 22:19 if it is to be acceptable for your benefit 1091 it must be a flawless male from the cattle, sheep, or goats. 22:20 You must not present anything that has a flaw, 1092 because it will not be acceptable for your benefit. 1093 22:21 If a man presents a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord for a special votive offering 1094 or for a freewill offering from the herd or the flock, it must be flawless to be acceptable; 1095 it must have no flaw. 1096
22:22 “‘You must not present to the Lord something blind, or with a broken bone, or mutilated, or with a running sore, 1097 or with a festering eruption, or with a feverish rash. 1098 You must not give any of these as a gift 1099 on the altar to the Lord. 22:23 As for an ox 1100 or a sheep with a limb too long or stunted, 1101 you may present it as a freewill offering, but it will not be acceptable for a votive offering. 1102 22:24 You must not present to the Lord something with testicles that are bruised, crushed, torn, or cut off; 1103 you must not do this in your land. 22:25 Even from a foreigner 1104 you must not present the food of your God from such animals as these, for they are ruined and flawed; 1105 they will not be acceptable for your benefit.’”
22:26 The Lord spoke to Moses: 22:27 “When an ox, lamb, or goat is born, it must be under the care of 1106 its mother seven days, but from the eighth day onward it will be acceptable as an offering gift 1107 to the Lord. 22:28 You must not slaughter an ox or a sheep and its young 1108 on the same day. 1109 22:29 When you sacrifice a thanksgiving offering to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is acceptable for your benefit. 1110 22:30 On that very day 1111 it must be eaten; you must not leave any part of it 1112 over until morning. I am the Lord.
22:31 “You must be sure to do my commandments. 1113 I am the Lord. 22:32 You must not profane my holy name, and I will be sanctified in the midst of the Israelites. I am the Lord who sanctifies you, 22:33 the one who brought you out from the land of Egypt to be your God. 1114 I am the Lord.”
23:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 23:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘These are the Lord’s appointed times which you must proclaim as holy assemblies – my appointed times: 1115
23:3 “‘Six days work may be done, but on the seventh day there must be a Sabbath of complete rest, 1116 a holy assembly. You must not do any work; it is a Sabbath to the Lord in all the places where you live.
23:4 “‘These are the Lord’s appointed times, holy assemblies, which you must proclaim at their appointed time. 23:5 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight, 1117 is a Passover offering to the Lord. 23:6 Then on the fifteenth day of the same month 1118 will be the festival of unleavened bread to the Lord; seven days you must eat unleavened bread. 23:7 On the first day there will be a holy assembly for you; you must not do any regular work. 1119 23:8 You must present a gift to the Lord for seven days, and the seventh day is a holy assembly; you must not do any regular work.’”
23:9 The Lord spoke to Moses: 23:10 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When you enter the land that I am about to give to you and you gather in its harvest, 1120 then you must bring the sheaf of the first portion of your harvest 1121 to the priest, 23:11 and he must wave the sheaf before the Lord to be accepted for your benefit 1122 – on the day after the Sabbath the priest is to wave it. 1123 23:12 On the day you wave the sheaf you must also offer 1124 a flawless yearling lamb 1125 for a burnt offering to the Lord, 23:13 along with its grain offering, two tenths of an ephah of 1126 choice wheat flour 1127 mixed with olive oil, as a gift to the Lord, a soothing aroma, 1128 and its drink offering, one fourth of a hin of wine. 1129 23:14 You must not eat bread, roasted grain, or fresh grain until this very day, 1130 until you bring the offering of your God. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations 1131 in all the places where you live.
23:15 “‘You must count for yourselves seven weeks from the day after the Sabbath, from the day you bring the wave offering sheaf; they must be complete weeks. 1132 23:16 You must count fifty days – until the day after the seventh Sabbath – and then 1133 you must present a new grain offering to the Lord. 23:17 From the places where you live you must bring two loaves of 1134 bread for a wave offering; they must be made from two tenths of an ephah of fine wheat flour, baked with yeast, 1135 as first fruits to the Lord. 23:18 Along with the loaves of bread, 1136 you must also present seven flawless yearling lambs, 1137 one young bull, 1138 and two rams. 1139 They are to be a burnt offering to the Lord along with their grain offering 1140 and drink offerings, a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord. 1141 23:19 You must also offer 1142 one male goat 1143 for a sin offering and two yearling lambs for a peace offering sacrifice, 23:20 and the priest is to wave them – the two lambs 1144 – along with the bread of the first fruits, as a wave offering before the Lord; they will be holy to the Lord for the priest.
23:21 “‘On this very day you must proclaim an assembly; it is to be a holy assembly for you. 1145 You must not do any regular work. This is a perpetual statute in all the places where you live throughout your generations. 1146 23:22 When you gather in the harvest 1147 of your land, you must not completely harvest the corner of your field, 1148 and you must not gather up the gleanings of your harvest. You must leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the Lord your God.’” 1149
23:23 The Lord spoke to Moses: 23:24 “Tell the Israelites, ‘In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you must have a complete rest, a memorial announced by loud horn blasts, 1150 a holy assembly. 23:25 You must not do any regular work, but 1151 you must present a gift to the Lord.’”
23:26 The Lord spoke to Moses: 23:27 “The 1152 tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement. 1153 It is to be a holy assembly for you, and you must humble yourselves 1154 and present a gift to the Lord. 23:28 You must not do any work on this particular day, 1155 because it is a day of atonement to make atonement for yourselves 1156 before the Lord your God. 23:29 Indeed, 1157 any person who does not behave with humility on this particular day will be cut off from his people. 1158 23:30 As for any person 1159 who does any work on this particular day, I will exterminate 1160 that person from the midst of his people! 1161 23:31 You must not do any work. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations 1162 in all the places where you live. 23:32 It is a Sabbath of complete rest for you, and you must humble yourselves on the ninth day of the month in the evening, from evening until evening you must observe your Sabbath.” 1163
23:33 The Lord spoke to Moses: 23:34 “Tell the Israelites, ‘On the fifteenth day of this seventh month is the Festival of Temporary Shelters 1164 for seven days to the Lord. 23:35 On the first day is a holy assembly; you must do no regular work. 1165 23:36 For seven days you must present a gift to the Lord. On the eighth day there is to be a holy assembly for you, and you must present a gift to the Lord. It is a solemn assembly day; 1166 you must not do any regular work.
23:37 “‘These are the appointed times of the Lord that you must proclaim as holy assemblies to present a gift to the Lord – burnt offering, grain offering, sacrifice, and drink offerings, 1167 each day according to its regulation, 1168 23:38 besides 1169 the Sabbaths of the Lord and all your gifts, votive offerings, and freewill offerings which you must give to the Lord.
23:39 “‘On 1170 the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when you gather in the produce of the land, you must celebrate a pilgrim festival of the Lord for seven days. On the first day is a complete rest and on the eighth day is complete rest. 23:40 On the first day you must take for yourselves branches from majestic trees 1171 – palm branches, branches of leafy trees, and willows of the brook – and you must rejoice before the Lord your God for seven days. 23:41 You must celebrate it as a pilgrim festival to the Lord for seven days in the year. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations; 1172 you must celebrate it in the seventh month. 23:42 You must live in temporary shelters 1173 for seven days; every native citizen in Israel must live in temporary shelters, 23:43 so that your future generations may know that I made the Israelites live in temporary shelters when I brought them out from the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God.’”
23:44 So Moses spoke to the Israelites about the appointed times of the Lord. 1174
24:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 24:2 “Command the Israelites to bring 1175 to you pure oil of beaten olives for the light, to make a lamp burn continually. 1176 24:3 Outside the veil-canopy 1177 of the congregation in the Meeting Tent Aaron 1178 must arrange it from evening until morning before the Lord continually. This is a perpetual statute throughout your generations. 1179 24:4 On the ceremonially pure lampstand 1180 he must arrange the lamps before the Lord continually.
24:5 “You must take choice wheat flour 1181 and bake twelve loaves; 1182 there must be two tenths of an ephah of flour in 1183 each loaf, 24:6 and you must set them in two rows, six in a row, 1184 on the ceremonially pure table before the Lord. 24:7 You must put pure frankincense 1185 on each row, 1186 and it will become a memorial portion 1187 for the bread, a gift 1188 to the Lord. 24:8 Each Sabbath day 1189 Aaron 1190 must arrange it before the Lord continually; this portion 1191 is from the Israelites as a perpetual covenant. 24:9 It will belong to Aaron and his sons, and they must eat it in a holy place because it is most holy to him, a perpetual allotted portion 1192 from the gifts of the Lord.”
24:10 Now 1193 an Israelite woman’s son whose father was an Egyptian went out among the Israelites, and the Israelite woman’s son and an Israelite man 1194 had a fight in the camp. 24:11 The Israelite woman’s son misused the Name and cursed, 1195 so they brought him to Moses. (Now his mother’s name was Shelomith daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan.) 24:12 So they placed him in custody until they were able 1196 to make a clear legal decision for themselves based on words from the mouth of the Lord. 1197
24:13 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 24:14 “Bring the one who cursed outside the camp, and all who heard him are to lay their hands on his head, and the whole congregation is to stone him to death. 1198 24:15 Moreover, 1199 you are to tell the Israelites, ‘If any man curses his God 1200 he will bear responsibility for his sin, 24:16 and one who misuses 1201 the name of the Lord must surely be put to death. The whole congregation must surely stone him, whether he is a foreigner or a native citizen; when he misuses the Name he must be put to death.
24:17 “‘If a man beats any person to death, 1202 he must be put to death. 24:18 One who beats an animal to death 1203 must make restitution for it, life for life. 1204 24:19 If a man inflicts an injury on 1205 his fellow citizen, 1206 just as he has done it must be done to him – 24:20 fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth – just as he inflicts an injury on another person 1207 that same injury 1208 must be inflicted on him. 24:21 One who beats an animal to death 1209 must make restitution for it, but 1210 one who beats a person to death must be put to death. 24:22 There will be one regulation 1211 for you, whether a foreigner or a native citizen, for I am the Lord your God.’”
24:23 Then Moses spoke to the Israelites and they brought the one who cursed outside the camp and stoned him with stones. So the Israelites did just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
25:1 The Lord spoke to Moses at Mount Sinai: 25:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When you enter the land that I am giving you, the land must observe a Sabbath 1212 to the Lord. 25:3 Six years you may sow your field, and six years you may prune your vineyard and gather the produce, 1213 25:4 but in the seventh year the land must have a Sabbath of complete rest 1214 – a Sabbath to the Lord. You must not sow your field or 1215 prune your vineyard. 25:5 You must not gather in the aftergrowth of your harvest and you must not pick the grapes of your unpruned 1216 vines; the land must have a year of complete rest. 25:6 You may have the Sabbath produce 1217 of the land to eat – you, your male servant, your female servant, your hired worker, the resident foreigner who stays with you, 1218 25:7 your cattle, and the wild animals that are in your land – all its produce will be for you 1219 to eat.
25:8 “‘You must count off 1220 seven weeks of years, seven times seven years, 1221 and the days of the seven weeks of years will amount to forty-nine years. 1222 25:9 You must sound loud horn blasts 1223 – in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, on the Day of Atonement – you must sound the horn in your entire land. 25:10 So you must consecrate the fiftieth year, 1224 and you must proclaim a release 1225 in the land for all its inhabitants. That year will be your jubilee; 1226 each one of you must return 1227 to his property and each one of you must return to his clan. 25:11 That fiftieth year will be your jubilee; you must not sow the land, harvest its aftergrowth, or pick the grapes of its unpruned vines. 1228 25:12 Because that year is a jubilee, it will be holy to you – you may eat its produce 1229 from the field.
25:13 “‘In this year of jubilee you must each return 1230 to your property. 25:14 If you make a sale 1231 to your fellow citizen 1232 or buy 1233 from your fellow citizen, no one is to wrong his brother. 1234 25:15 You may buy it from your fellow citizen according to the number of years since 1235 the last jubilee; he may sell it to you according to the years of produce that are left. 1236 25:16 The more years there are, 1237 the more you may make its purchase price, and the fewer years there are, 1238 the less you must make its purchase price, because he is only selling to you a number of years of 1239 produce. 25:17 No one is to oppress his fellow citizen, 1240 but you must fear your God, because I am the Lord your God. 25:18 You must obey my statutes and my regulations; you must be sure to keep them 1241 so that you may live securely in the land. 1242
25:19 “‘The land will give its fruit and you may eat until you are satisfied, 1243 and you may live securely in the land. 25:20 If you say, ‘What will we eat in the seventh year if we do not sow and gather our produce?’ 25:21 I will command my blessing for you in the sixth year so that it may yield 1244 the produce 1245 for three years, 25:22 and you may sow the eighth year and eat from that sixth year’s produce 1246 – old produce. Until you bring in the ninth year’s produce, 1247 you may eat old produce. 25:23 The land must not be sold without reclaim 1248 because the land belongs to me, for you are foreigners and residents with me. 1249 25:24 In all your landed property 1250 you must provide for the right of redemption of the land. 1251
25:25 “‘If your brother becomes impoverished and sells some of his property, his near redeemer is to come to you and redeem what his brother sold. 1252 25:26 If a man has no redeemer, but he prospers 1253 and gains enough for its redemption, 1254 25:27 he is to calculate the value of the years it was sold, 1255 refund the balance 1256 to the man to whom he had sold it, and return to his property. 25:28 If he has not prospered enough to refund 1257 a balance to him, then what he sold 1258 will belong to 1259 the one who bought it until the jubilee year, but it must revert 1260 in the jubilee and the original owner 1261 may return to his property.
25:29 “‘If a man sells a residential house in a walled city, 1262 its right of redemption must extend 1263 until one full year from its sale; 1264 its right of redemption must extend to a full calendar year. 1265 25:30 If it is not redeemed before the full calendar year is ended, 1266 the house in the walled city 1267 will belong without reclaim 1268 to the one who bought it throughout his generations; it will not revert in the jubilee. 25:31 The houses of villages, however, 1269 which have no wall surrounding them 1270 must be considered as the field 1271 of the land; they will have the right of redemption and must revert in the jubilee. 25:32 As for 1272 the cities of the Levites, the houses in the cities which they possess, 1273 the Levites must have a perpetual right of redemption. 25:33 Whatever someone among the Levites might redeem – the sale of a house which is his property in a city – must revert in the jubilee, 1274 because the houses of the cities of the Levites are their property in the midst of the Israelites. 25:34 Moreover, 1275 the open field areas of their cities 1276 must not be sold, because that is their perpetual possession.
25:35 “‘If your brother 1277 becomes impoverished and is indebted to you, 1278 you must support 1279 him; he must live 1280 with you like a foreign resident. 1281 25:36 Do not take interest or profit from him, 1282 but you must fear your God and your brother must live 1283 with you. 25:37 You must not lend him your money at interest and you must not sell him food for profit. 1284 25:38 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt to give you the land of Canaan – to be your God. 1285
25:39 “‘If your brother becomes impoverished with regard to you so that he sells himself to you, you must not subject him to slave service. 1286 25:40 He must be with you as a hired worker, as a resident foreigner; 1287 he must serve with you until the year of jubilee, 25:41 but then 1288 he may go free, 1289 he and his children with him, and may return to his family and to the property of his ancestors. 1290 25:42 Since they are my servants whom I brought out from the land of Egypt, they must not be sold in a slave sale. 1291 25:43 You must not rule over him harshly, 1292 but you must fear your God.
25:44 “‘As for your male and female slaves 1293 who may belong to you – you may buy male and female slaves from the nations all around you. 1294 25:45 Also you may buy slaves 1295 from the children of the foreigners who reside with you, and from their families that are 1296 with you, whom they have fathered in your land, they may become your property. 25:46 You may give them as inheritance to your children after you to possess as property. You may enslave them perpetually. However, as for your brothers the Israelites, no man may rule over his brother harshly. 1297
25:47 “‘If a resident foreigner who is with you prospers 1298 and your brother becomes impoverished with regard to him so that 1299 he sells himself to a resident foreigner who is with you or to a member 1300 of a foreigner’s family, 25:48 after he has sold himself he retains a right of redemption. 1301 One of his brothers may redeem him, 25:49 or his uncle or his cousin 1302 may redeem him, or anyone of the rest of his blood relatives – his family 1303 – may redeem him, or if 1304 he prospers he may redeem himself. 25:50 He must calculate with the one who bought him the number of years 1305 from the year he sold himself to him until the jubilee year, and the cost of his sale must correspond to the number of years, according to the rate of wages a hired worker would have earned while with him. 1306 25:51 If there are still many years, in keeping with them 1307 he must refund most of the cost of his purchase for his redemption, 25:52 but if only a few years remain 1308 until the jubilee, he must calculate for himself in keeping with the remaining years and refund it for his redemption. 25:53 He must be with the one who bought him 1309 like a yearly hired worker. 1310 The one who bought him 1311 must not rule over him harshly in your sight. 25:54 If, however, 1312 he is not redeemed in these ways, he must go free 1313 in the jubilee year, he and his children with him, 25:55 because the Israelites are my own servants; 1314 they are my servants whom I brought out from the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God.
26:1 “‘You must not make for yourselves idols, 1315 so you must not set up for yourselves a carved image or a pillar, and you must not place a sculpted stone in your land to bow down before 1316 it, for I am the Lord your God. 26:2 You must keep my Sabbaths and reverence 1317 my sanctuary. I am the Lord.
26:3 “‘If you walk in my statutes and are sure to obey my commandments, 1318 26:4 I will give you your rains in their time so that 1319 the land will give its yield and the trees of the field will produce their fruit. 1320 26:5 Threshing season will extend for you until the season for harvesting grapes, 1321 and the season for harvesting grapes will extend until sowing season, so 1322 you will eat your bread until you are satisfied, 1323 and you will live securely in your land. 26:6 I will grant peace in the land so that 1324 you will lie down to sleep without anyone terrifying you. 1325 I will remove harmful animals 1326 from the land, and no sword of war 1327 will pass through your land. 26:7 You will pursue your enemies and they will fall before you by the sword. 1328 26:8 Five of you will pursue a hundred, and a hundred of you will pursue ten thousand, and your enemies will fall before you by the sword. 26:9 I will turn to you, make you fruitful, multiply you, and maintain 1329 my covenant with you. 26:10 You will still be eating stored produce from the previous year 1330 and will have to clean out what is stored from the previous year to make room for new. 1331
26:11 “‘I will put my tabernacle 1332 in your midst and I will not abhor you. 1333 26:12 I will walk among you, and I will be your God and you will be my people. 26:13 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, from being their slaves, 1334 and I broke the bars of your yoke and caused you to walk upright. 1335
26:14 “‘If, however, 1336 you do not obey me and keep 1337 all these commandments – 26:15 if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep 1338 all my commandments and you break my covenant – 26:16 I for my part 1339 will do this to you: I will inflict horror on you, consumption and fever, which diminish eyesight and drain away the vitality of life. 1340 You will sow your seed in vain because 1341 your enemies will eat it. 1342 26:17 I will set my face against you. You will be struck down before your enemies, those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee when there is no one pursuing you.
26:18 “‘If, in spite of all these things, 1343 you do not obey me, I will discipline you seven times more on account of your sins. 1344 26:19 I will break your strong pride and make your sky like iron and your land like bronze. 26:20 Your strength will be used up in vain, your land will not give its yield, and the trees of the land 1345 will not produce their fruit.
26:21 “‘If you walk in hostility against me 1346 and are not willing to obey me, I will increase your affliction 1347 seven times according to your sins. 26:22 I will send the wild animals 1348 against you and they will bereave you of your children, 1349 annihilate your cattle, and diminish your population 1350 so that your roads will become deserted.
26:23 “‘If in spite of these things 1351 you do not allow yourselves to be disciplined and you walk in hostility against me, 1352 26:24 I myself will also walk in hostility against you and strike you 1353 seven times on account of your sins. 26:25 I will bring on you an avenging sword, a covenant vengeance. 1354 Although 1355 you will gather together into your cities, I will send pestilence among you and you will be given into enemy hands. 1356 26:26 When I break off your supply of bread, 1357 ten women will bake your bread in one oven; they will ration your bread by weight, 1358 and you will eat and not be satisfied.
26:27 “‘If in spite of this 1359 you do not obey me but walk in hostility against me, 1360 26:28 I will walk in hostile rage against you 1361 and I myself will also discipline you seven times on account of your sins. 26:29 You will eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters. 1362 26:30 I will destroy your high places and cut down your incense altars, 1363 and I will stack your dead bodies on top of the lifeless bodies of your idols. 1364 I will abhor you. 1365 26:31 I will lay your cities waste 1366 and make your sanctuaries desolate, and I will refuse to smell your soothing aromas. 26:32 I myself will make the land desolate and your enemies who live in it will be appalled. 26:33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword 1367 after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste.
26:34 “‘Then the land will make up for 1368 its Sabbaths all the days it lies desolate while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land will rest and make up its Sabbaths. 26:35 All the days of the desolation it will have the rest it did not have 1369 on your Sabbaths when you lived on it.
26:36 “‘As for 1370 the ones who remain among you, I will bring despair into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a blowing leaf will pursue them, and they will flee as one who flees the sword and fall down even though there is no pursuer. 26:37 They will stumble over each other as those who flee before a sword, though 1371 there is no pursuer, and there will be no one to take a stand 1372 for you before your enemies. 26:38 You will perish among the nations; the land of your enemies will consume you.
26:39 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of 1373 their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’ 1374 iniquities which are with them. 26:40 However, when 1375 they confess their iniquity and their ancestors’ iniquity which they committed by trespassing against me, 1376 by which they also walked 1377 in hostility against me 1378 26:41 (and I myself will walk in hostility against them and bring them into the land of their enemies), and 1379 then their uncircumcised hearts become humbled and they make up for 1380 their iniquity, 26:42 I will remember my covenant with Jacob and also my covenant with Isaac and also my covenant with Abraham, 1381 and I will remember the land. 26:43 The land will be abandoned by them 1382 in order that it may make up for 1383 its Sabbaths while it is made desolate 1384 without them, 1385 and they will make up for their iniquity because 1386 they have rejected my regulations and have abhorred 1387 my statutes. 26:44 In spite of this, however, when they are in the land of their enemies I will not reject them and abhor them to make a complete end of them, to break my covenant with them, for I am the Lord their God. 26:45 I will remember for them the covenant with their ancestors 1388 whom I brought out from the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations to be their God. I am the Lord.’”
26:46 These are the statutes, regulations, and instructions which the Lord established 1389 between himself and the Israelites at Mount Sinai through 1390 Moses.
27:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 27:2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When a man makes a special votive offering 1391 based on the conversion value of persons to the Lord, 1392 27:3 the conversion value of the male 1393 from twenty years old up to sixty years old 1394 is fifty shekels by the standard of the sanctuary shekel. 1395 27:4 If the person is a female, the conversion value is thirty shekels. 27:5 If the person is from five years old up to twenty years old, the conversion value of the male is twenty shekels, and for the female ten shekels. 27:6 If the person is one month old up to five years old, the conversion value of the male is five shekels of silver, 1396 and for the female the conversion value is three shekels of silver. 27:7 If the person is from sixty years old and older, if he is a male the conversion value is fifteen shekels, and for the female ten shekels. 27:8 If he is too poor to pay the conversion value, he must stand the person before the priest and the priest will establish his conversion value; 1397 according to what the man who made the vow can afford, 1398 the priest will establish his conversion value.
27:9 “‘If what is vowed is a kind of animal from which an offering may be presented 1399 to the Lord, anything which he gives to the Lord from this kind of animal 1400 will be holy. 27:10 He must not replace or exchange it, good for bad or bad for good, and if he does indeed exchange one animal for another animal, then both the original animal 1401 and its substitute will be holy. 27:11 If what is vowed is an unclean animal from which an offering must not be presented to the Lord, then he must stand the animal before the priest, 27:12 and the priest will establish its conversion value, 1402 whether good or bad. According to the assessed conversion value of the priest, thus it will be. 27:13 If, however, the person who made the vow redeems the animal, 1403 he must add one fifth to 1404 its conversion value.
27:14 “‘If a man consecrates his house as holy to the Lord, the priest will establish its conversion value, whether good or bad. Just as the priest establishes its conversion value, thus it will stand. 1405 27:15 If the one who consecrates it redeems his house, he must add to it one fifth of its conversion value in silver, and it will belong to him. 1406
27:16 “‘If a man consecrates to the Lord some of his own landed property, the conversion value must be calculated in accordance with the amount of seed needed to sow it, 1407 a homer of barley seed being priced at fifty shekels of silver. 1408 27:17 If he consecrates his field in the jubilee year, 1409 the conversion value will stand, 27:18 but if 1410 he consecrates his field after the jubilee, the priest will calculate the price 1411 for him according to the years that are left until the next jubilee year, and it will be deducted from the conversion value. 27:19 If, however, the one who consecrated the field redeems it, 1412 he must add to it one fifth of the conversion price 1413 and it will belong to him. 1414 27:20 If he does not redeem the field, but sells 1415 the field to someone else, he may never redeem it. 27:21 When it reverts 1416 in the jubilee, the field will be holy to the Lord like a permanently dedicated field; 1417 it will become the priest’s property. 1418
27:22 “‘If he consecrates to the Lord a field he has purchased, 1419 which is not part of his own landed property, 27:23 the priest will calculate for him the amount of its conversion value until the jubilee year, and he must pay 1420 the conversion value on that jubilee day as something that is holy to the Lord. 27:24 In the jubilee year the field will return to the one from whom he bought it, the one to whom it belongs as landed property. 27:25 Every conversion value must be calculated by the standard of the sanctuary shekel; 1421 twenty gerahs to the shekel.
27:26 “‘Surely no man may consecrate a firstborn that already belongs to the Lord as a firstborn among the animals; whether it is an ox or a sheep, it belongs to the Lord. 1422 27:27 If, however, 1423 it is among the unclean animals, he may ransom it according to 1424 its conversion value and must add one fifth to it, but if it is not redeemed it must be sold according to its conversion value.
27:28 “‘Surely anything which a man permanently dedicates to the Lord 1425 from all that belongs to him, whether from people, animals, or his landed property, must be neither sold nor redeemed; anything permanently dedicated is most holy to the Lord. 27:29 Any human being who is permanently dedicated 1426 must not be ransomed; such a person must be put to death.
27:30 “‘Any tithe 1427 of the land, from the grain of the land or from the fruit of the trees, belongs to the Lord; it is holy to the Lord. 27:31 If a man redeems 1428 part of his tithe, however, he must add one fifth to it. 1429 27:32 All the tithe of herd or flock, everything which passes under the rod, the tenth one will be holy to the Lord. 1430 27:33 The owner 1431 must not examine the animals to distinguish between good and bad, and he must not exchange it. If, however, he does exchange it, 1432 both the original animal 1433 and its substitute will be holy. 1434 It must not be redeemed.’”
27:34 These are the commandments which the Lord commanded Moses to tell the Israelites 1435 at Mount Sinai.
1 tn Heb “And he (the
sn The best explanation for the MT of Lev 1:1 arises from its function as a transition from Exod 40 to Lev 1. The first clause, “And he (the
2 sn The second clause of v. 1, “and the
3 tn “When” here translates the MT’s כִּי (ki, “if, when”), which regularly introduces main clauses in legislative contexts (see, e.g., Lev 2:1, 4; 4:2, etc.) in contrast to אִם (’im, “if”), which usually introduces subordinate sections (see, e.g., Lev 1:3, 10, 14; 2:5, 7, 14; 4:3, 13, etc.; cf. כִּי in Exod 21:2 and 7 as opposed to אִם in vv. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11).
sn Lev 1:1-2 serves as a heading for Lev 1-3 (i.e., the basic regulations regarding the presentation of the burnt, grain, and peace offerings) and, at the same time, leads directly into the section on “burnt offerings” in Lev 1:3. In turn, Lev 1:3-17 divides into three subsections, all introduced by אִם “if” (Lev 1:3-9, 10-13, and 14-17, respectively). Similar patterns are discernible throughout Lev 1:2-6:7 [5:26 HT].
4 tn Heb “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam), which in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female, since women could also bring such offerings (see, e.g., Lev 12:6-8; 15:29-30; cf. HALOT 14 s.v. I אָדָם); cf. NIV “any of you.”
5 tn The verb “presents” is cognate to the noun “offering” in v. 2 and throughout the book of Leviticus (both from the root קרב [qrb]). One could translate the verb “offers,” but this becomes awkward and, in fact, inaccurate in some passages. For example, in Lev 9:9 this verb is used for the presenting or giving of the blood to Aaron so that he could offer it to the
6 tn The whole clause reads more literally, “A human being (אָדָם, ’adam), if he brings from among you an offering to the
7 tn The shift to the second person plural verb here corresponds to the previous second person plural pronoun “among you.” It is distinct from the regular pattern of third person singular verbs throughout the rest of Lev 1-3. This too labels Lev 1:1-2 as an introduction to all of Lev 1-3, not just the burnt offering regulations in Lev 1 (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:146; cf. note 3 above).
8 tn Heb “from the domesticated animal, from the herd, and from the flock.” It is clear from the subsequent division between animals from the “herd” (בָּקָר, baqar, in Lev 1:3-9) and the “flock” (צֹאן, tso’n; see Lev 1:10-13) that the term for “domesticated animal” (בְּהֵמָה, bÿhemah) is a general term meant to introduce the category of pastoral quadrupeds. The stronger disjunctive accent over בְּהֵמָה in the MT as well as the lack of a vav (ו) between it and בָּקָר also suggest בְּהֵמָה is an overall category that includes both “herd” and “flock” quadrupeds.
sn The bird category (Lev 1:14-17) is not included in this introduction because bird offerings were, by and large, concessions to the poor (cf., e.g., Lev 5:7-10; 12:8; 14:21-32) and, therefore, not considered to be one of the primary categories of animal offerings.
9 sn The burnt offering (עֹלָה, ’olah) was basically a “a gift of a soothing aroma to the
10 tn Heb “door” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “doorway” (likewise throughout the book of Leviticus). The translation “door” or “doorway” may suggest a framed door in a casing to the modern reader, but here the term refers to the entrance to a tent.
11 tn The NIV correctly has “it” in the text, referring to the acceptance of the animal (cf., e.g., RSV, NEB, NLT), but “he” in the margin, referring to the acceptance of the offerer (cf. ASV, NASB, JB). The reference to a “flawless male” in the first half of this verse suggests that the issue here is the acceptability of the animal to make atonement on behalf of the offerer (Lev 1:4; cf. NRSV “for acceptance in your behalf”).
12 tn “To make atonement” is the standard translation of the Hebrew term כִּפֶּר, (kipper); cf. however TEV “as a sacrifice to take away his sins” (CEV similar). The English word derives from a combination of “at” plus Middle English “one[ment],” referring primarily to reconciliation or reparation that is made in order to accomplish reconciliation. The primary meaning of the Hebrew verb, however, is “to wipe [something off (or on)]” (see esp. the goal of the sin offering, Lev 4, “to purge” the tabernacle from impurities), but in some cases it refers metaphorically to “wiping away” anything that might stand in the way of good relations by bringing a gift (see, e.g., Gen 32:20 [21 HT], “to appease; to pacify” as an illustration of this). The translation “make atonement” has been retained here because, ultimately, the goal of either purging or appeasing was to maintain a proper relationship between the
13 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (the offerer) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The LXX has “they” rather than “he,” suggesting that the priests, not the offerer, were to slaughter the bull (cf. the notes on vv. 6a and 9a).
14 tn Heb “the son of the herd”; cf. KJV “bullock”; NASB, NIV “young bull.”
15 tn “Splash” (cf. NAB) or “dash” (cf. NRSV) is better than “sprinkle,” which is the common English translation of this verb (זָרַק, zaraq; see, e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NLT). “Sprinkle” is not strong enough (contrast נָזָה [nazah], which does indeed mean “to sprinkle” or “to splatter”; cf. Lev 4:6).
16 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (the offerer) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The LXX and Smr have “they” rather than “he” in both halves of this verse, suggesting that the priests, not the offerer, were to skin and cut the carcass of the bull into pieces (cf. the notes on vv. 5a and 9a).
17 tc A few medieval Hebrew
18 tc A few Hebrew
sn “Suet” is the specific term used for the hard, fatty tissues found around the kidneys of sheep and cattle. A number of modern English versions have simplified this to “fat” (e.g., NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
19 tn Heb “on the wood, which is on the fire, which is on the altar.” Cf. NIV “on the burning wood”; NLT “on the wood fire.”
20 tn Heb “Finally, he”; the referent (the offerer) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Once again, the MT assigns the preparation of the offering (here the entrails and legs) to the offerer because it did not bring him into direct contact with the altar, but reserves the actual placing of the sacrifice on the altar for the officiating priest (cf. the notes on vv. 5a and 6a).
21 tn Heb “toward the altar,” but the so-called locative ה (hey) attached to the word for “altar” can indicate the place where something is or happens (GKC 250 §90.d and GKC 373-74 §118.g; cf. also J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:161). This is a standard way of expressing “on/at the altar” with the verb “to offer up in smoke” (Hiphil of קָטַר [qatar]; cf. also Exod 29:13, 18, 25; Lev 1:9, 13, 15, 17; 2:2, etc.).
22 tc A few Hebrew
23 sn The standard English translation of “gift” (אִשֶּׁה, ’isheh) is “an offering [made] by fire” (cf. KJV, ASV). It is based on a supposed etymological relationship to the Hebrew word for “fire” (אֵשׁ, ’esh) and is still maintained in many versions (e.g., NIV, RSV, NRSV, NLT; B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 7-8). For various reasons, including the fact that some offerings referred to by this term are not burned on the altar (see, e.g., Lev 24:9), it is probably better to understand the term to mean “gift” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 22) or “food gift” (“food offering” in NEB and TEV; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:161-62). See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:540-49 for a complete discussion.
24 tn Heb “And if from the flock is his offering, from the sheep or from the goats, for a burnt offering.” Here “flock” specifies the broad category, with “sheep or goats” giving specific examples.
25 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (the offerer) has been specified in the translation for clarity (so also in v. 13).
26 tn Heb “from the [category] ‘bird.’”
27 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NLT) or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168, with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14).
28 tn The action here seems to involve both a twisting action, breaking the neck of the bird and severing its vertebrae, as well as pinching or nipping the skin to sever the head from the main body. Cf. NASB, NRSV “wring off its head”; NAB “snap its head loose”; NLT “twist off its head.”
29 tn Many English versions have “it” here, referring to the head of the bird, which the priest immediately tossed on the altar fire. However, “it” could be misunderstood to refer to the bird’s body, so “head” is repeated in the present translation for clarity. As the following lines show, certain things needed to be done to the body of the bird before it could be placed on the altar.
30 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (apparently still the priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
31 tn This translation (“remove its entrails by [cutting off] its tail feathers”) is based on the discussion in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:169-71, although he translates, “remove its crissum by its feathers.” Others possibilities include “its crop with its contents” (Tg. Onq., cf. NIV, NRSV; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 23) or “its crop with its feathers” (LXX, NASB, RSV; “crop” refers to the enlarged part of a bird’s gullet that serves a pouch for the preliminary maceration of food).
32 tn The pronoun “them” here is feminine singular in Hebrew and refers collectively to the entrails and tail wing which have been removed.
33 tn Heb “he shall not divide it.” Several Hebrew
34 sn The “grain offering” ( מִנְחָה[minkhah]; here קָרְבַּן מִנְחָה, [qorbban minkhah], “an offering of a grain offering”) generally accompanied a burnt or peace offering to supplement the meat with bread (the libation provided the drink; cf. Num 15:1-10), thus completing the food “gift” to the
35 tn The Hebrew term for “choice wheat flour” (סֹלֶת, selet) is often translated “fine flour” (cf. KJV, NAB, NIV, NCV), but it refers specifically to wheat as opposed to barley (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 10). Moreover, the translation “flour” might be problematic, since the Hebrew term may designate the “grits” rather than the more finely ground “flour” (see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:179 as opposed to Levine, 10, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 30).
36 sn This is not just any “incense” (קְטֹרֶת, qÿtoret; R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 3:913-16), but specifically “frankincense” (לְבֹנָה, lÿvonah; R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:756-57).
37 tn Heb “and he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. The syntax is strange here and might suggest that it was the offerer who scooped out a handful of the grain offering for the memorial portion (G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 66), but based on v. 9 below it should be understood that it was the priest who performed this act (see, e.g., NRSV “After taking from it a handful of the choice flour and oil…the priest shall…”; see also J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:177, 181 and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 30).
38 sn The “memorial portion” (אַזְכָרָה, ’azkharah) was the part of the grain offering that was burnt on the altar (see the previous clause), as opposed to the remainder, which was normally consumed by the priests (v. 3; see the full regulations in Lev 6:14-23[7-16]). It was probably intended to call to mind (i.e., memorialize) before the
39 tn The words “it is” have been supplied. See the notes on Lev 1:9 and 2:3. There is no text critical problem here, but the syntax suggests the same translation.
40 tn Heb “…is to Aaron and to his sons.” The preposition “to” (לְ, lamed) indicates ownership. Cf. NAB, NASB, NIV and other English versions.
41 tn The words “it is” (הוּא, hu’) are not in the MT, but are supplied for the sake of translation into English. The Syriac also for translational reasons adds it between “most holy” and “from the gifts” (cf. 1:13, 17).
42 tn Heb “holy of holies”; KJV, NASB “a thing most holy.”
43 tn The insertion of the words “it must be made of” is justified by the context and the expressed words “it shall be made of” in vv. 7 and 8 below.
44 sn These “loaves” were either “ring-shaped” (HALOT 317 s.v. חַלָּה) or “perforated” (BDB 319 s.v. חַלָּה; cf. J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:184).
45 tn Heb “and.” Here the conjunction vav (ו) has an alternative sense (“or”).
46 tn The Hebrew word מְשֻׁחִים (mÿshukhim) translated here as “smeared” is often translated “anointed” in other contexts. Cf. TEV “brushed with olive oil” (CEV similar).
47 tn There is no vav (ו, “and”) in the MT at the beginning of v. 6 and the verb is pointed as an infinite absolute. The present translation has rendered it as an imperative (see GKC 346 §113.bb) and, therefore, the same for the following vav consecutive perfect verb (cf. NIV “Crumble it and pour oil on it”; cf. also NRSV, NEB, NLT, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:185, but note the objections to this rendering in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 26). The LXX seems to suggest adding a vav (“and”) and pointing the verb as a consecutive perfect, which yields “and you shall break it in pieces” (cf. the BHS textual note; Hartley, 26, prefers the LXX rendering).
48 tn Heb “a grain offering of a pan”; cf. KJV “fryingpan”; NAB “pot”; CEV “pan with a lid on it.”
49 sn Lev 7:9 makes it clear that one cooked “on” a griddle but “in” a pan. This suggests that the oil in the pan served for deep fat frying, hence the translation “deep fried in olive oil” (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:185); cf. also NAB.
50 tc There are several person, gender, and voice verb problems in this verse. First, the MT has “And you shall bring the grain offering,” but the LXX and Qumran have “he” rather than “you” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:185). Second, the MT has “which shall be made” (i.e., the 3rd person masculine Niphal passive verb which, in fact, does not agree with its feminine subject, מִנְחָה, minkhah, “grain offering”), while the LXX has “which he shall make” (3rd person Qal), thus agreeing with the LXX 3rd person verb at the beginning of the verse (see above). Third, the MT has a 3rd person vav consecutive verb “and he shall present it to the priest,” which agrees with the LXX but is not internally consistent with the 2nd person verb at the beginning of the verse in the MT. The BHS editors conjecture that the latter might be repointed to an imperative verb yielding “present it to the priest.” This would require no change of consonants and corresponds to the person of the first verb in the MT. This solution has been tentatively accepted here (cf. also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 26-27), even though it neither resolves the gender problem of the second verb nor fits the general grammatical pattern of the chapter in the MT.
51 tn The Hebrew verb הֵרִים (herim, “to take up”; cf. NAB “lift”) is commonly used for setting aside portions of an offering (see, e.g., Lev 4:8-10 and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 4:335-36). A number of English versions employ the more normal English idiom “take out” here (e.g., NIV, NCV); cf. NRSV “remove.”
52 tn The words “it is” (הוּא, hu’) both here and in vv. 10 and 16 are not in the MT, but are assumed. (cf. vv. 2b and 3b and the notes there).
53 tn See the note on “it is” in v. 9b.
54 tn Heb “Every grain offering which you offer to the
55 tc A few Hebrew
tn Heb “for all leaven and all honey you must not offer up in smoke from it a gift to the
56 sn The “first fruit” referred to here was given to the priests as a prebend for their service to the
57 tn Heb “from upon your grain offering.”
58 tn The translation of this whole section of the clause is difficult. Theoretically, it could describe one, two, or three different ways of preparing first ripe grain offerings (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 27). The translation here takes it as a description of only one kind of prepared grain. This is suggested by the fact that v. 16 uses only one term “crushed bits” (גֶּרֶשׂ, geres) to refer back to the grain as it is prepared in v. 14 (a more technical translation is “groats”; see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:178, 194). Cf. NAB “fresh grits of new ears of grain”; NRSV “coarse new grain from fresh ears.”
59 tn See the note on “it is” in 2:9b.
60 sn The peace offering sacrifice primarily enacted and practiced communion between God and man (and between the people of God). This was illustrated by the fact that the fat parts of the animal were consumed on the altar of the
61 tn Heb “if a male if a female, perfect he shall present it before the
62 tn See the remarks on Lev 1:3-5 above for some of the details of translation here.
63 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent (the person presenting the offering) has been specified in the translation for clarity (cf. the note on Lev 1:5).
64 tn Heb “and all the fat on the entrails.” The fat layer that covers the entrails as a whole (i.e., “that covers the entrails”) is different from the fat that surrounds and adheres to the various organs (“on the entrails,” i.e., surrounding them; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:205-7).
65 tn Heb “and the protruding lobe on the liver on the kidneys he shall remove it.” Cf. NRSV “the appendage of the liver”; NIV “the covering of the liver” (KJV “the caul above the liver”).
66 tn Or “on the fire – [it is] a gift of a soothing aroma to the
67 tn Heb “a male or female without defect he shall present it”; cf. NLT “must have no physical defects.”
68 tn See the note on this term at 1:5.
69 sn See the note on this phrase in 3:3.
70 tn Heb “and the protruding lobe on the liver on the kidneys he shall remove it.”
71 tn Heb “food, a gift to the
72 sn See the note on this phrase in 3:3.
73 tn Heb “and the protruding lobe on the liver on the kidneys he shall remove it.”
74 tn The words “This is” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied due to requirements of English style.
75 tn Heb “for your generations”; NAB “for your descendants”; NLT “for you and all your descendants.”
76 tn Heb “all fat and all blood you must not eat.”
77 sn The quotation introduced here extends from Lev 4:2 through 5:13, and encompasses all the sin offering regulations. Compare the notes on Lev 1:1 above, and 5:14 and 6:1 [5:20 HT] below.
78 tn Heb “And a person, when he sins in straying.” The English translation of “by straying” (בִּשְׁגָגָה [bishgagah] literally, “in going astray; in making an error”) varies greatly, but almost all suggest that this term refers to sins that were committed by mistake or done not knowing that the particular act was sinful (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:228-29). See, e.g., LXX “involuntarily”; Tg. Onq. “by neglect”; KJV “through ignorance”; ASV, RSV, NJPS “unwittingly”; NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “unintentionally”; NAB, NEB “inadvertently”; NCV “by accident.” However, we know from Num 15:27-31 that committing a sin “by straying” is the opposite of committing a sin “defiantly” (i.e., בְּיַד רָמָה [bÿyad ramah] “with a raised hand,” v. 30). In the latter case the person, as it were, raises his fist in presumptuous defiance against the
79 tn This is an emphatic use of the preposition מִן (min; see R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 56-57, §325).
80 tn The “when” clause (כִּי, ki) breaks off here before its resolution, thus creating an open-ended introduction to the following subsections, which are introduced by “if” (אִם [’im] vv. 3, 13, 27, 32). Also, the last part of the verse reads literally, “which must not be done and does from one from them.”
81 tn Heb “the anointed priest” (so ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). This refers to the high priest (cf. TEV, CEV, NLT).
82 tn Heb “to the guilt of the people”; NRSV “thus bringing guilt on the people.”
83 tn Heb “and he shall offer on his sin which he sinned, a bull, a son of the herd, flawless.”
84 sn The word for “sin offering” (sometimes translated “purification offering”) is the same as the word for “sin” earlier in the verse. One can tell which rendering is intended only by the context. The primary purpose of the “sin offering” (חַטָּאת, khatta’t) was to “purge” (כִּפֶּר, kipper, “to make atonement,” see 4:20, 26, 31, 35, and the notes on Lev 1:4 and esp. Lev 16:20, 33) the sanctuary or its furniture in order to cleanse it from any impurities and/or (re)consecrate it for holy purposes (see, e.g., Lev 8:15; 16:19). By making this atonement the impurities of the person or community were cleansed and the people became clean. See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:93-103.
85 tn Heb “from the blood of the bull” (and similarly throughout this chapter).
86 tn The Hebrew verb וְהִזָּה (vÿhizzah, Hiphil of נָזָה, nazah) does indeed mean “sprinkle” or “splatter.” Contrast the different Hebrew verb meaning “splash” in Lev 1:5 (זָרָק, zaraq).
87 tn Heb “of the blood.” The relative pronoun (“it”) has been used in the translation here for stylistic reasons.
88 tn The particle here translated “toward” usually serves as a direct object indicator or a preposition meaning “with.” With the verb of motion it probably means “toward,” “in the direction of” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:234; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 60); cf. NAB, CEV.
89 tn The Hebrew term פָּרֹכֶת (parokhet) is usually translated “veil” (e.g., ASV, NAB, NASB) or “curtain” (e.g., NIV, NRSV), but it seems to have stretched not only in front of but also over the top of the ark of the covenant which stood behind and under it inside the most holy place (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 3:687-89).
90 tn Heb “all the fat of the bull of the sin offering he shall take up from it.”
91 tc The MT has here the preposition עַל (’al, “on, upon” [i.e., “which covers on the entrails,” as awkward in Hebrew as it is in English]), but Smr, LXX, Syriac, and Targums read אֶת (’et), which is what would be expected (i.e., “which covers the entrails”; cf. Lev 3:3, 9, 14). It may have been mistakenly inserted here under the influence of “on (עַל) the entrails” at the end of the verse.
92 tn Heb “and all the fat on the entrails.” The fat layer that covers the entrails as a whole (i.e., “that covers the entrails”) is different from the fat that surrounds and adheres to the various organs (“on the entrails,” i.e., surrounding them; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:205-7).
93 tn Heb “and the protruding lobe on the liver on the kidneys he shall remove it.”
94 tn Heb “taken up from”; KJV, ASV “taken off from”; NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “removed.” See the notes on Lev 3:3-4 above (cf. also 3:9-10, 14-15).
95 tn All of v. 11 is a so-called casus pendens (also known as an extraposition or a nominative absolute), which means that it anticipates the next verse, being the full description of “all (the rest of) the bull” (lit. “all the bull”) at the beginning of v. 12 (actually after the first verb of the verse; see the next note below).
96 tn Heb “And he (the offerer) shall bring out all the bull to from outside to the camp to a clean place.”
97 tn Heb “a clean place,” but referring to a place that is ceremonially clean. This has been specified in the translation for clarity.
98 tn Heb “the pouring out [place] of fatty ash.”
99 tn Heb “burn with fire.” This expression is somewhat redundant in English, so the translation collocates “fire” with “wood,” thus “a wood fire.”
100 tn Heb “strays”; KJV “sin through ignorance.” The verb “strays” here is the verbal form of the noun in the expression “by straying” (see the note on Lev 4:2 above).
101 tn Heb “is concealed from the eyes of”; NASB, NRSV, NLT “escapes the notice of.”
102 tn Heb “and they do one from all the commandments of the
103 tn Heb “and the sin which they committed on it becomes known”; KJV “which they have sinned against it.” The Hebrew עָלֶיהָ (’aleha, “on it”) probably refers back to “one of the commandments” in v. 13 (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:243).
104 tn Heb “and he shall slaughter.” The singular verb seems to refer to an individual who represents the whole congregation, perhaps one of the elders referred to at the beginning of the verse, or the officiating priest (cf. v. 21). The LXX and Syriac make the verb plural, referring to “the elders of the congregation.”
105 tn Heb “the anointed priest” (so ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). This refers to the high priest (cf. TEV).
106 tn The words “in the blood” are not repeated in the Hebrew text at this point, but must be supplied in the English translation for clarity.
107 tn The Hebrew verb וְהִזָּה (vÿhizzah, Hiphil of נָזָה, nazah) does indeed mean “sprinkle” or “splatter.” Contrast the different Hebrew verb translated “splash” in Lev 1:5 (זָרָק, zaraq).
108 tc The MT reads literally, “and the priest shall dip his finger from the blood and sprinkle seven times.” This is awkward. Compare v. 6, which has literally, “and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle from the blood seven times.” The MT appears to be corrupt by haplography (i.e., assuming v. 6 to be the correct form, in v. 17 the scribe skipped from “his finger” to “from the blood,” thus missing “in the blood”) and metathesis (i.e., this also resulted in a text where “from the blood” stands before “sprinkle” rather than after it; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 47).
109 tn See the note on v. 6 above.
110 tn See the note on v. 6 above.
111 sn See v. 7, where this altar is identified as the altar of fragrant incense.
112 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. Based on the parallel statement in 4:10 and 4:31, it is the priest who performs this action rather than the person who brought the offering.
113 tn Heb “take up all its fat from it”; NASB “shall remove all its fat from it.”
sn See the full discussion of the fat regulations in Lev 4:8-9 above.
114 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the fat) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Only the fat is meant here, since the “rest” of the bull is mentioned in v. 21.
115 sn Cf. Lev 4:11-12 above for the disposition of “the [rest of] the bull.”
116 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
117 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to them” or “it shall be forgiven to them.”
118 sn See the note on the word “slaughter” in v. 15.
119 tn Heb “And he shall bring out the bull to from outside to the camp.”
120 tn This section begins with the relative pronoun אֲשֶׁר (’asher) which usually means “who” or “which,” but here means “whenever.”
121 tn See the Lev 4:2 note on “straying.”
122 tn Heb “and does one from all the commandments of the
123 tn Heb “or his sin which he sinned in it is made known to him”; NAB “if he learns of the sin he committed.”
124 tn Lev 4:22b-23a is difficult. The present translation suggests that there are two possible legal situations envisioned, separated by the Hebrew אוֹ (’o, “or”) at the beginning of v. 23. Lev 4:22b refers to any case in which the leader readily admits his guilt (i.e., “pleads guilty”), whereas v. 23a refers to cases where the leader is convicted of his guilt by legal action (“his sin…is made known to him”). See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:95-96; Lev 4:27-28; and esp. the notes on Lev 5:1 below.
125 tn Heb “a he-goat of goats, a male without defect”; cf. NLT “with no physical defects.”
126 tn The LXX has a plural form here and also for the same verb later in the verse. See the note on Lev 1:5a.
127 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. Based on the parallel statements in 4:10 and 4:31, it is the priest who performs this action rather than the person who brought the offering.
128 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
129 tn Heb “from.” In this phrase the preposition מִן (min) may be referring to the reason or cause (“on account of, because of”; GKC 383 §119.z). As J. E. Hartley (Leviticus [WBC], 47) points out, “from” may refer to the removal of the sin, but is an awkward expression. Hartley also suggests that the phrasing might be “an elliptical expression for יְכַפֵּר עַל־לְטַהֵר אֶת־מִן, ‘he will make expiation for…to cleanse…from…,’ as in 16:30.”
130 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
131 tn Heb “an individual from the people of the land”; cf. NASB “anyone of the common people” (KJV, ASV both similar); NAB “a private person.”
132 tn Heb “If one person sins by straying, from the people of the land.” See Lev 4:2 for a note on “straying.”
133 tn Heb “by doing it, one from the commandments of the
134 tn Heb “or his sin which he sinned is made known to him”; cf. NCV “when that person learns about his sin.”
135 tn Lev 4:27b-28a is essentially the same as 4:22b-23a (see the notes there).
136 tn Heb “a she-goat of goats, a female without defect”; NAB “an unblemished she-goat.”
137 tn Heb “on his sin.”
138 tc The LXX has a plural form here (see v. 24 above and the note on Lev 1:5a).
139 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
140 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
141 tn Heb “Then he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here “he” refers to the offerer rather than the priest (contrast the clauses before and after).
142 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
143 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
144 tn Heb “And a person when he sins.” Most English versions translate this as the protasis of a conditional clause: “if a person sins” (NASB, NIV).
sn The same expression occurs in Lev 4:2 where it introduces sins done “by straying unintentionally from any of the commandments of the
145 tn The words “against one who fails to testify” are not in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied to make sense of the remark about the “curse” (“imprecation” or “oath”; cf. ASV “adjuration”; NIV “public charge”) for the modern reader. For the interpretation of this verse reflected in the present translation see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:292-97.
146 tn The words “what had happened” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
147 tn Heb “and hears a voice of curse, and he is a witness or he saw or he knew, if he does not declare.”
148 tn Heb “and he shall bear his iniquity.” The rendering “bear the punishment (for the iniquity)” reflects the use of the word “iniquity” to refer to the punishment for iniquity (cf. NRSV, NLT “subject to punishment”). It is sometimes referred to as the consequential use of the term (cf. Lev 5:17; 7:18; 10:17; etc.).
149 tc The insertion of the words “when there is” is a reflection of the few Hebrew
150 tn The word “ceremonially” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the uncleanness involved is ritual or ceremonial in nature.
151 tn Heb “and it is hidden from him,” meaning that the person who contracted the ceremonial uncleanness was not aware at the time what had happened, but later found out that he had become ceremonially unclean. This same phrase occurs again in both vv. 3 and 4.
152 sn Lev 5:2-3 are parallel laws of uncleanness (contracted from animals and people, respectively), and both seem to assume that the contraction of uncleanness was originally unknown to the person (vv. 2 and 3) but became known to him or her at a later time (v. 3; i.e., “has come to know” in v. 3 is to be assumed for v. 2 as well). Uncleanness itself did not make a person “guilty” unless he or she failed to handle it according to the normal purification regulations (see, e.g., “wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean till evening,” Lev 15:5 NIV; cf. Lev 11:39-40; 15:5-12, 16-24; Num 19, etc.). The problem here in Lev 5:2-3 is that, because the person had not been aware of his or her uncleanness, he or she had incurred guilt for not carrying out these regular procedures, and it would now be too late for that. Thus, the unclean person needs to bring a sin offering to atone for the contamination caused by his or her neglect of the purity regulations.
153 tn Heb “or if he touches uncleanness of mankind to any of his uncleanness which he becomes unclean in it.”
154 tn Heb “to speak thoughtlessly”; cf. NAB “rashly utters an oath.”
155 tn Heb “and is guilty to one from these,” probably referring here to any of “these” things about which one might swear a thoughtless oath (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 45), with the word “oath” supplied in the translation for clarity. Another possibility is that “to one from these” is a dittography from v. 5 (cf. the note on v. 5a), and that v. 4 ends with “and is guilty” like vv. 2 and 3 (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:300).
156 tn Heb “and it shall happen when he becomes guilty to one from these,” referring to any of “these” possible transgressions in Lev 5:1-4. Tg. Onq., the original Greek translation, and the Latin Vulgate omit this clause, possibly due to homoioteleuton because of the repetition of “to one from these” from the end of v. 4 in v. 5a (cf. the note on v. 4b).
sn What all the transgressions in Lev 5:1-4 have in common is that the time is past for handling the original situation properly (i.e., testifying in court, following purity regulations, or fulfilling an oath), so now the person has become guilty and needs to follow corrective sacrificial procedures.
157 tn Heb “which he sinned on it”; cf. ASV “confess that wherein he hath sinned”; NCV “must tell how he sinned.”
158 tn In this context the word for “guilt” (אָשָׁם, ’asham) refers to the “penalty” for incurring guilt, the so-called consequential אָשָׁם (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:303; cf. the note on Lev 5:1).
159 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
160 tn See the note on 4:26 regarding the use of מִן (min).
161 tn Heb “and if his hand does not reach enough of a flock animal” (see the note on v. 11 below). The term translated “animal from the flock” (שֶׂה, seh) is often translated “lamb” (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NCV) or “sheep” (e.g., NRSV, TEV, NLT), but it clearly includes either a sheep or a goat here (cf. v. 6), referring to the smaller pasture animals as opposed to the larger ones (i.e., cattle; cf. 4:3). Some English versions use the more generic “animal” (e.g., NAB, CEV).
162 tn Heb “and he shall bring his guilt which he sinned,” which is an abbreviated form of Lev 5:6, “and he shall bring his [penalty for] guilt to the
163 tn See the note on Lev 1:14 above.
164 tn Heb “he.” The subject (“he”) refers to the priest here, not the offerer who presented the birds to the priest (cf. v. 8a).
165 sn The action seems to involve both a twisting action, breaking the neck of the bird and severing its vertebrae, as well as pinching or nipping the skin, but in this case not severing the head from the main body (note the rest of this verse).
166 tn Heb “he shall not divide [it]” (see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:305).
167 tn The Hebrew verb וְהִזָּה (vÿhizzah, Hiphil of נָזָה, nazah) does indeed mean “sprinkle” or “splatter” (cf. Lev 4:6, 17). Contrast “splash” in Lev 1:5, etc. (זָרָק, zaraq).
168 tn Heb “the remainder in the blood.” The Heb. preposition “in” (בְּ, bÿ) is used here to mean “some among” a whole collection of something.
169 tn The word “bird” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
170 sn The term “[standard] regulation” (מִשְׁפָּט, mishppat) here refers to the set of regulations for burnt offering birds in Lev 1:14-17.
171 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
172 tn See the note on 4:26 with regard to מִן, min.
173 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
174 tn Heb “and if his hand does not reach [or is not sufficient] to”; cf. NASB “if his means are insufficient for.” The expression is the same as that in Lev 5:7 above except for the verb: נָשַׂג (nasag, “to collect, to reach, to be sufficient”) is used here, but נָגַע (nagah, “to touch, to reach”) is used in v. 7. Smr has the former in both v. 7 and 11.
175 tn See the note on Lev 1:14 above (cf. also 5:7).
176 tn Heb “and he shall bring his offering which he sinned.” Like the similar expression in v. 7 above (see the note there), this is an abbreviated form of Lev 5:6, “and he shall bring his [penalty for] guilt to the
177 sn A tenth of an ephah would be about 2.3 liters, one day’s ration for a single person (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:306). English versions handle the amount somewhat differently, cf. NCV “about two quarts”; TEV “one kilogramme”; CEV “two pounds.”
178 tn See the note on Lev 2:1 above.
179 sn The “memorial portion” (אַזְכָּרָה, ’azkkarah) was the part of the grain offering that was burnt on the altar (Lev 2:2), as opposed to the remainder, which was normally consumed by the priests (Lev 2:3; see the full regulations in Lev 6:14-23 [6:7-16 HT]). It was probably intended to call to mind (i.e., memorialize) before the
180 sn The focus of sin offering “atonement” was purging impurities from the tabernacle (see the note on Lev 1:4).
181 tn Heb “from one from these,” referring to the four kinds of violations of the law delineated in Lev 5:1-4 (see the note on Lev 5:5 above and cf. Lev 4:27).
182 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
183 tn Heb “and it”; the referent (the remaining portion of the offering) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
184 tn Heb “and it shall be to the priest like the grain offering,” referring to the rest of the grain that was not offered on the altar (cf. the regulations in Lev 2:3, 10).
185 sn The quotation introduced here extends from Lev 5:14 through 5:19, encompassing the first main section of guilt offering regulations. Compare the notes on Lev 1:1; 4:1; and 6:1 [5:20 HT].
186 tn Heb “trespasses a trespass” (verb and direct object from the same Hebrew root, מַעַל, ma’al); cf. NIV “commits a violation.” The word refers to some kind of overstepping of the boundary between that which is common (i.e., available for common use by common people) and that which is holy (i.e., to be used only for holy purposes because it has been consecrated to the
187 tn See Lev 4:2 above for a note on “straying.”
188 sn Heb “from the holy things of the
189 tn Here the word for “guilt” (אָשָׁם, ’asham) refers to the “penalty” for incurring guilt, the so-called consequential use of אָשָׁם (’asham; see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:303).
190 tn Heb “in your valuation, silver of shekels, in the shekel of the sanctuary.” The translation offered here suggests that, instead of a ram, the guilt offering could be presented in the form of money (see, e.g., NRSV; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:326-27). Others still maintain the view that it refers to the value of the ram that was offered (see, e.g., NIV “of the proper value in silver, according to the sanctuary shekel”; also NAB, NLT; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 72-73, 81).
sn The sanctuary shekel was about 10 grams (= ca. two fifths of an ounce; J. E. Shepherd, NIDOTTE 4:237-38).
191 tn The word for “guilt offering” (sometimes translated “reparation offering”) is the same as “guilt” earlier in the verse (rendered there “[penalty for] guilt”). One can tell which is intended only by the context.
sn The primary purpose of the guilt offering was to “atone” (see the note on Lev 1:4 above) for “trespassing” on the
192 tn Heb “and which he sinned from the holy thing.”
193 sn Regarding “make atonement” see the note on Lev 1:4.
194 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
195 tn Heb “and does one from all of the commandments of the
196 tn The words “at the time” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
197 tn Heb “and he did not know, and he shall be guilty and he shall bear his iniquity” (for the rendering “bear his punishment [for iniquity]”) see the note on Lev 5:1.) This portion of v. 17 is especially difficult. The translation offered here suggests (as in many other English versions) that the offender did not originally know that he had violated the
198 tn The statement here is condensed. See the full expression in 5:15 and the note there.
199 sn Regarding “make atonement” see the note on Lev 1:4.
200 tn Heb “on his straying which he strayed.” See the note on Lev 4:2.
201 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV and NASB both similar).
202 sn Beginning with 6:1, the verse numbers through 6:30 in the English Bible differ from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 6:1 ET = 5:20 HT, 6:2 ET = 5:21 HT, 6:8 ET = 6:1 HT, etc., through 6:30 ET = 6:23 HT. Beginning with 7:1 the verse numbers in the English text and Hebrew text are again the same.
203 sn This paragraph is Lev 6:1-7 in the English Bible but Lev 5:20-26 in the Hebrew text. The quotation introduced by v. 1 extends from Lev 6:2 (5:21 HT) through 6:7 (5:26 HT), encompassing the third main section of guilt offering regulations. Compare the notes on Lev 1:1; 4:1; and 5:14 above.
204 tn Heb “trespasses a trespass” (verb and direct object from the same Hebrew root מַעַל, ma’al). See the note on 5:15.
205 tn Or “neighbor” (ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NASB “companion”; TEV “a fellow-Israelite.”
206 tn Heb “has extorted his neighbor”; ASV “oppressed”; NRSV “defrauded.”
207 tn Heb “and swears on falsehood”; cf. CEV “deny something while under oath.”
208 tn Heb “on one from all which the man shall do to sin in them.”
209 tn Heb “and it shall happen, when he sins and becomes guilty,” which is both resumptive of the previous (vv. 2-3) and the conclusion to the protasis (cf. “then” introducing the next clause as the apodosis). In this case, “becomes guilty” (cf. NASB, NIV) probably refers to his legal status as one who has been convicted of a crime in court; thus the translation “he is found guilty.” See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:559-61.
210 tn Heb “that had been held in trust with him.”
211 tn Heb “or from all which he swears on it to falsehood.”
212 tn Heb “in its head.” This refers “the full amount” in terms of the “principal,” the original item or amount obtained illegally (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:338; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 84).
213 tn Heb “to whom it is to him he shall give it in the day of his being guilty.” The present translation is based on the view that he has been found guilty through the legal process (see the note on v. 4 above; cf., e.g., TEV and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 33-34). Others translate the latter part as “in the day he offers his guilt [reparation] offering” (e.g., NIV and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 73, 84), or “in the day he realizes his guilt” (e.g., NRSV and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:319, 338).
214 tn The words “into silver shekels” are supplied here. See the full expression in Lev 5:15, and compare 5:18. Cf. NRSV “or its equivalent”; NLT “or the animal’s equivalent value in silver.”
215 sn Regarding “make atonement” see the note on Lev 1:4.
216 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him” (KJV similar).
217 tn Heb “on one from all which he does to become guilty in it”; NAB “whatever guilt he may have incurred.”
218 sn Lev 6:8 in the English Bible = 6:1 in the Hebrew text. See also the note on 6:1.
219 sn The following paragraphs are Lev 6:8-30 in the English Bible but 6:1-23 in the Hebrew text. This initial verse makes the special priestly regulations for the people’s burnt and grain offerings into a single unit (i.e., Lev 6:8-18 [6:1-11 HT]; cf. Lev 1-2 above). Note also the separate introductions for various priestly regulations in Lev 6:19 [12 HT], 24 [17 HT], and for the common people in Lev 7:22, 28 below.
220 tn Heb “It is the burnt offering on the hearth.”
221 tn Heb “in it.” In this context “in it” apparently refers to the “hearth” which was on top of the altar.
222 tn The exact nature of this article of the priest’s clothing is difficult to determine. Cf. KJV, ASV “breeches”; NAB “drawers”; NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “undergarments”; NCV “underclothes”; CEV “underwear”; TEV “shorts.”
223 tn Heb “he shall lift up the fatty ashes which the fire shall consume the burnt offering on the altar.”
224 tn Heb “it,” referring the “fatty ashes” as a single unit.
225 tn The word “ceremonially” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the uncleanness of the place involved is ritual or ceremonial in nature.
226 tn Heb “in it,” apparently referring to the “hearth” which was on top of the altar (cf. the note on v. 9).
227 tn Heb “offering it, the sons of Aaron.” The verb is a Hiphil infinitive absolute, which is used here in place of the finite verb as either a jussive (GKC 346 §113.cc, “let the sons of Aaron offer”) or more likely an injunctive in light of the verbs that follow (Joüon 2:430 §123.v, “the sons of Aaron shall/must offer”).
228 tn Heb “and he”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. The “he” refers to the officiating priest. A similar shift between singular and plural occurs in Lev 1:7-9, but see the note on Lev 1:7 and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 89 for the possibility of textual corruption.
229 tn Heb “shall take up from it with his hand some of the choice wheat flour of the grain offering.”
230 sn See the note on Lev 2:2.
231 tc Smr reading, which includes the locative ה (hey, translated “on” the altar), is preferred here. This is the normal construction with the verb “offer up in smoke” in Lev 1-7 (see the note on Lev 1:9).
232 tn Heb “and he shall offer up in smoke [on] the altar a soothing aroma, its memorial portion, to the
233 tn Heb “It must not be baked leavened” (cf. Lev 2:11). The noun “leaven” is traditional in English versions (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV), but “yeast” is more commonly used today.
234 tn Heb “holiness of holinesses [or holy of holies] it is”; cf. NAB “most sacred.”
235 tn Or “a perpetual regulation”; cf. NASB “a permanent ordinance”; NRSV “as their perpetual due.”
236 tn Heb “for your generations”; cf. NIV “for the generations to come.”
237 tn Heb “touches them”; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity. In this context “them” must refer to the “gifts” of the
238 tn Or “anyone/anything that touches them shall become holy” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:443-56). The question is whether this refers to the contagious nature of holy objects (cf. NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) or whether it simply sets forth a demand that anyone who touches the holy gifts of the
239 sn See the note on Lev 6:8 [6:1 HT] above.
240 sn A tenth of an ephah is about 2.3 liters, one day’s ration for a single person (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:306).
241 tn For the rendering “choice wheat flour” see the note on Lev 2:1.
242 tn The term rendered here “well soaked” (see, e.g., NRSV; the Hebrew term is מֻרְבֶּכֶת, murbbekhet) occurs only three times (here; 7:12, and 1 Chr 23:29), and is sometimes translated “well-mixed” (e.g., NIV, NCV, NLT; NASB “well stirred”; NAB “well kneaded”). The meaning is uncertain (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:399-400), but in Lev 7:12 it stands parallel to already prepared grain offerings either “mixed” (the Hebrew term is בְּלוּלֹת (bÿlulot), not מֻרְבֶּכֶת as in Lev 6:21 [6:14 HT]) or anointed with oil.
243 tn Heb “broken bits [?] of a grain offering of pieces,” but the meaning of the Hebrew term rendered here “broken bits” (תֻּפִינֵי, tufiney) is quite uncertain. Some take it from the Hebrew verb “to break up, to crumble” (פַּת [pat]; e.g., the Syriac, NAB, NIV, NLT “broken” pieces) and others from “to bake” (אָפַה, ’afah; e.g., NRSV “baked pieces”). For a good summary of other proposed options, see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 90. Compare Lev 2:5-6 for the general regulations regarding this manner of grain offering. Similar but less problematic terminology is used there.
244 tn Heb “And the anointed priest under him.”
245 sn See the note on Lev 6:8 [6:1 HT].
246 tn Heb “holiness of holinesses [or holy of holies] it is.” Cf. NAB “most sacred”; CEV “very sacred”; TEV “very holy.”
247 tn Heb “on the garment”; NCV “on any clothes”; CEV “on the clothes of the priest.”
248 tc The translation “you must wash” is based on the MT as it stands (cf. NASB, NIV). Smr, LXX, Syriac, Tg. Ps.-J., and the Vulgate have a third person masculine singular passive form (Pual), “[the garment] must be washed” (cf. NAB, NRSV, NLT). This could also be supported from the verbs in the following verse, and it requires only a repointing of the Hebrew text with no change in consonants. See the remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 90 and J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:404.
249 tn Heb “it”; the words “that vessel” are supplied in the translation to clarify the referent.
250 tn Heb “holiness of holinesses [or holy of holies] it is” (also in 7:1).
251 tn Heb “burned with fire,” an expression which is sometimes redundant in English, but here means “burned up,” “burned up entirely.”
252 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the officiating priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity. This priest was responsible for any actions involving direct contact with the altar (e.g., the splashing of the blood).
253 tn See the note on Lev 1:5.
254 tn Heb “then he.” This pronoun refers to the offerer, who was responsible for slaughtering the animal. Contrast v. 2 above and v. 5 below.
255 tn See the notes on Lev 3:3-4.
256 tn See the note on Lev 1:9 above.
257 tn Heb “holiness of holinesses [or holy of holies] it is”; NAB “most sacred”; TEV “very holy.”
258 tn Heb “like the sin offering like the guilt offering, one law to them.”
259 tn Heb “and” rather than “or” (cf. also the next “or”).
260 tn Heb “and all made in the pan”; cf. KJV “fryingpan”; NAB “deep-fried in a pot.”
261 tn Heb “a man like his brother.”
262 tn This “he” pronoun refers to the offerer. Smr and LXX have plural “they.”
263 tn Or “for a thank offering.”
264 tn See the notes on Lev 2:4.
265 tn See the note on Lev 6:21 [6:14 HT].
266 tn Heb “choice wheat flour well soaked ring-shaped loaves.” See the note on Lev 2:1.
267 tn The rendering “this [grain] offering” is more literally “his offering,” but it refers to the series of grain offerings listed just previously in v. 12.
268 tn The words “which regularly accompany” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied for clarity.
sn The translation “[which regularly accompany]…” is based on the practice of bringing bread (and wine) to eat with the portions of the peace offering meat eaten by the priests and worshipers (see v. 14 and Num 15:1-13). This was in addition to the memorial portion of the unleavened bread that was offered to the
269 tn Here the Hebrew text reads “offering” (קָרְבָּן, qorbban), not “grain offering” (מִנְחָה, minkhah), but in this context the term refers once again to the list in 7:12.
270 tn The term rendered “contribution offering” is תְּרוּמָה (tÿrumah), which generally refers to that which is set aside from the offerings to the
271 tn In the verse “his” refers to the offerer.
272 tn For the distinction between votive and freewill offerings see the note on Lev 22:23 and the literature cited there.
273 tn Heb “and on the next day and the left over from it shall be eaten.”
274 tn Heb “burned with fire,” an expression which is sometimes redundant in English, but here means “burned up,” “burned up entirely” (likewise in v. 19).
275 tn Or “desecrated,” or “defiled,” or “forbidden.” For this difficult term see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:422. Cf. NIV “it is impure”; NCV “it will become unclean”; NLT “will be contaminated.”
276 tn Heb “his iniquity he shall bear” (cf. Lev 5:1); NIV “will be held responsible”; NRSV “shall incur guilt”; TEV “will suffer the consequences.”
277 tn The word “ceremonially” has been supplied in the translation both here and in the following sentence to clarify that the uncleanness involved is ritual or ceremonial in nature.
278 tn The Hebrew has simply “the flesh,” but this certainly refers to “clean” flesh in contrast to the unclean flesh in the first half of the verse.
279 tn Heb “and his unclean condition is on him.”
280 sn The exact meaning of this penalty clause is not certain. It could mean that he will be executed, whether by God or by man, he will be excommunicated from sanctuary worship and/or community benefits (cf. TEV, CEV), or his line will be terminated by God (i.e., extirpation), etc. See J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 100; J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:457-60; and B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 241-42 for further discussion.
281 sn For these categories of unclean animals see Lev 11.
282 sn For the interpretation of this last clause see the note on Lev 7:20.
283 sn See the note on Lev 6:8 [6:1 HT] above.
284 tn Heb “carcass,” referring to the carcass of an animal that has died on its own, not the carcass of an animal slaughtered for sacrifice or killed by wild beasts. This has been clarified in the translation by supplying the phrase “of natural causes”; cf. NAB, TEV “that has died a natural death.”
285 tn Heb “shall be used for any work”; cf. NIV, NLT “may be used for any other purpose.”
286 sn See the note on Lev 7:20.
287 tn Heb “and any blood you must not eat in any of your dwelling places, to the bird and to the animal.”
288 sn See the note on Lev 7:20.
289 sn See the note on Lev 6:8 [6:1 HT].
290 tn Heb “on the breast.”
291 tc Many Hebrew
tn Heb “the breast to wave it, a wave offering before the
292 tn Older English versions (e.g., KJV, ASV) translate this Hebrew term (תְּרוּמָה, tÿrumah) “heave offering,” derived from the idea of “to raise, to lift” found in the verbal root (cf. NAB “a raised offering”). “Contribution offering” is a better English rendering because it refers to something “taken out from” (i.e., “lifted up from”; cf. the Hebrew term הֵרִים (herim) in, e.g., Lev 2:9; 4:8, etc.) the offering as a special contribution to the specific priest who presided over the offering procedures in any particular instance (see the next verse and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 4:335-37). Cf. TEV “as a special contribution”; NCV, NLT “as a gift.”
293 tn Or “a perpetual regulation”; cf. NASB “as their due forever”; NRSV “as a perpetual due”; NLT “their regular share.”
294 tn Heb “the day he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
295 tn Heb “in the day of he presented them to serve as priests to the
296 tn Heb “the day he”; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
297 tn Heb “which the
298 tn Heb “for your generations”; cf. NIV “for the generations to come”; TEV “for all time to come.”
299 sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה [torah]) occurs up to this point in the book only in Lev 6:9 [6:2 HT], 14 [7 HT], 25 [18 HT], 7:1, 7, 11, and here in 7:37. This suggests that Lev 7:37-38 is a summary of only this section of the book (i.e., Lev 6:8 [6:1 HT]-7:36), not all of Lev 1-7.
300 tc In the MT only “the grain offering” lacks a connecting ו (vav). However, many Hebrew , Smr, LXX, Syriac, and some
301 sn The inclusion of the “ordination offering” (מִלּוּאִים, milu’im; the term apparently comes from the notion of “filling [of the hand],” cf. Lev 8:33) here anticipates Lev 8. It is a kind of peace offering, as the regulations in Lev 8:22-32 will show (cf. Exod 29:19-34). In the context of the ordination ritual for the priests it fits into the sequence of offerings as a peace offering would: sin offering (Lev 8:14-17), burnt and grain offering (Lev 8:18-21), and finally peace (i.e., ordination) offering (Lev 8:22-32). Moreover, in this case, Moses received the breast of the ordination offering as his due since he was the presiding priest over the sacrificial procedures (Lev 8:29; cf. Lev 7:30-31), while Aaron and his sons ate the portions that would have been consumed by the common worshipers in a regular peace offering procedure (Exod 29:31-34; cf. Lev 7:15-18). For a general introduction to the peace offering see the note on Lev 3:1.
302 sn Lev 8 is the fulfillment account of the ordination legislation recorded in Exod 29, and is directly connected to the command to ordain the tabernacle and priesthood in Exod 40:1-16 as well as the partial record of its fulfillment in Exod 40:17-38.
303 sn For “tent of meeting” see the note on Lev 1:1 above.
304 sn Here Moses actually clothes Aaron (cf. v. 13 below for Aaron’s sons). Regarding the various articles of clothing see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 111-12 and esp. J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:501-13.
305 sn The term “tunic” refers to a shirt-like garment worn next to the skin and, therefore, put on first (cf. Exod 28:4, 39-40; 29:5, 8; 39:27). Traditionally this has been translated “coat” (so KJV, ASV), but that English word designates an outer garment.
306 tn Heb “on him”; the referent (Aaron) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
307 tn Heb “girded him with the sash” (so NASB); NCV “tied the cloth belt around him.”
sn The sash fastened the tunic around the waist (Exod 28:4, 39; 29:9; 39:29).
308 sn The robe was a long shirt-like over-garment that reached down below the knees. Its hem was embroidered with pomegranates and golden bells around the bottom (Exod 28:4, 31-35; 29:5; 39:22-26).
309 sn The ephod was an apron like garment suspended from shoulder straps. It draped over the robe and extended from the chest down to the thighs (Exod 28:4, 6-14, 25-28; 29:5; 39:2-7).
310 tn Heb “girded him with.”
311 sn The decorated band of the ephod served as a sort of belt around Aaron’s body that would hold the ephod closely to him rather than allowing it to hang loosely across his front (Exod 28:8, 27; 29:5; 39:5, 20).
312 sn The breastpiece was made of the same material as the ephod and was attached to it by means of gold rings and chains on its four corners (Exod 28:15-30; 29:5; 39:8-21). It had twelve stones attached to it (representing the twelve tribes of Israel), and a pocket in which the Urim and Thummim were kept (see following).
313 sn The Urim and Thummim were two small objects used in the casting of lots to discern the will of God (see Exod 28:30; Num 27:21; Deut 33:8; 1 Sam 14:41 in the LXX and 28:6; Ezra 2:63 and Neh 7:65). It appears that by casting them one could obtain a yes or no answer, or no answer at all (1 Sam 28:6; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 111-12). See the extensive discussion in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:507-11.
314 tn Although usually thought to be a “turban” (and so translated by the majority of English versions) this object might be only a “turban-like headband” wound around the forehead area (HALOT 624 s.v. מִצְנֶפֶת).
sn The turban consisted of wound-up linen (cf. Exod 28:4, 37, 39; 29:6; 39:31; Lev 16:4).
315 sn The gold plate was attached as a holy diadem to the front of the turban by means of a blue cord, and had written on it “Holy to the
316 sn The expression “and consecrated it” refers to the effect of the anointing earlier in the verse (cf. “to consecrate them/him” in vv. 11 and 12). “To consecrate” means “to make holy” or “make sacred”; i.e., put something into the category of holy/sacred as opposed to common/profane (see Lev 10:10 below). Thus, the person or thing consecrated is put into the realm of God’s holy things.
317 tc The MT has here “sash” (singular), but the context is clearly plural and Smr has it in the plural.
tn Heb “girded them with sashes” (so NAB, NASB); NRSV “fastened sashes around them.”
318 tn Heb “wrapped headdresses to them”; cf. KJV “bonnets”; NASB, TEV “caps”; NIV, NCV “headbands”; NAB, NLT “turbans.”
sn Notice that the priestly garments of Aaron’s sons are quite limited compared to those of Aaron himself, the high priest (cf. vv. 7-9 above). The terms for “tunic” and “sash” are the same but not the headgear (cf. Exod 28:40; 29:8-9; 39:27-29).
319 sn See Lev 4:3-12 above for the sin offering of the priests. In this case, however, the blood manipulation is different because Moses, not Aaron (and his sons), is functioning as the priest. On the one hand, Aaron and his sons are, in a sense, treated as if they were commoners so that the blood manipulation took place at the burnt offering altar in the court of the tabernacle (see v. 15 below), not at the incense altar inside the tabernacle tent itself (contrast Lev 4:5-7 and compare 4:30). On the other hand, since it was a sin offering for the priests, therefore, the priests themselves could not eat its flesh (Lev 4:11-12; 6:30 [23 HT]), which was the normal priestly practice for sin offerings of commoners (Lev 6:26[19], 29[22]).
320 sn Contrary to some English versions (e.g., NAB, NASB, NIV, NLT), Aaron (not Moses) most likely slaughtered the bull, possibly with the help of his sons, although the verb is singular, not plural. Moses then performed the ritual procedures that involved direct contact with the altar. Compare the pattern in Lev 1:5-9, where the offerer does the slaughtering and the priests perform the procedures that involve direct contact with the altar. In Lev 8 Moses is functioning as the priest in order to consecrate the priesthood. The explicit reintroduction of the name of Moses as the subject of the next verb seems to reinforce this understanding of the passage (cf. also vv. 19 and 23 below).
321 tn The verb is the Piel of חָטָא (khata’, “to sin”) and means “to de-sin” the altar. This verse is important for confirming the main purpose of the sin offering, which was to decontaminate the tabernacle and its furniture from any impurities. See the note on Lev 4:3.
322 tn Similar to v. 10 above, “and consecrated it” refers to the effect of the blood manipulation earlier in the verse. The goal here was to consecrate the altar in order that it might become a place on which it would be appropriate “to make atonement” before the
323 tn Again, Aaron probably performed the slaughter and collected the fat parts (v. 16a), but Moses presented it all on the altar (v. 16b; cf. the note on v. 15 above).
324 sn See Lev 3:3-4 for the terminology of fat and kidneys here.
325 tn Heb “toward the altar” (see the note on Lev 1:9).
326 tn Heb “he burned with fire,” an expression which is sometimes redundant in English, but here means “burned up,” “burned up entirely.”
327 sn See Lev 4:11-12, 21; 6:30 [23 HT].
328 tn Aaron probably did the slaughtering (cf. the notes on Lev 8:15-16 above).
329 tn Again, Aaron probably cut the ram up into parts (v. 20a), but Moses presented them on the altar (v. 20b; cf. the note on v. 15 above).
330 tn Heb “cut it into its parts.” One could translate here, “quartered it” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:133; cf. Lev 1:6, 12 above).
331 tn Again, Aaron probably did the washing (v. 21a), but Moses presented the portions on the altar (v. 21b; cf. the note on v. 15 above).
332 tn See Lev 1:9, 13.
333 tn For “ordination offering” see Lev 7:37
334 tn Again, Aaron probably did the slaughtering (cf. the notes on Lev 8:15-16 above).
335 tn Heb “on the lobe of the ear of Aaron, the right one.”
336 tn The term for “big toe” (בֹּהֶן, bohen) is the same as that for “thumb.” It refers to the larger appendage on either the hand or the foot.
337 tn See Lev 3:9.
338 tn See Lev 8:16.
339 tn See Lev 7:32-34.
340 tn See Lev 2:4.
341 sn The “palms” refer to the up-turned hands, positioned in such a way that the articles of the offering could be placed on them.
342 tn Heb “and he waved.” The subject of the verb “he waved” is Aaron, but Aaron’s sons also performed the action (see “Aaron and his sons” just previously). See the similar shifts from Moses to Aaron as the subject of the action above (vv. 15, 16, 19, 20, 23), and esp. the note on Lev 8:15. In the present translation this is rendered as an adjectival clause (“who waved”) to indicate that the referent is not Moses but Aaron and his sons. Cf. CEV “who lifted it up”; NAB “whom he had wave” (with “he” referring to Moses here).
343 sn See Lev 7:30-31, 34.
344 tn Heb “toward the altar” (see the note on Lev 1:9).
345 tn Several major ancient versions have the passive form of the verb (see BHS v. 31 note c; cf. Lev 8:35; 10:13). In that case we would translate, “just as I was commanded.”
346 tn Heb “but the remainder in the flesh and in the bread”; NAB, CEV “what is left over”; NRSV “what remains.”
347 tn Heb “because seven days he shall fill your hands”; KJV “for seven days shall he consecrate you”; CEV “ends seven days from now.”
sn It is apparent that the term for “ordination offering” (מִלֻּאִים, millu’im; cf. Lev 7:37 and the note there) is closely related to the expression “he shall fill (Piel מִלֵּא, mille’) your hands” in this verse. Some derive the terminology from the procedure in Lev 8:27-28, but the term for “hands” there is actually “palms.” It seems more likely that it derives from the notion of putting the priestly responsibilities (or possibly its associated prebends) under their control (i.e., “filling their hands” with authority; see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:538-39). The command “to keep the charge of the
348 tn Heb “just as he has done” (cf. the note on v. 33).
349 tn Heb “the
350 tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV).
351 sn This eighth day is the one after the seven days of ordination referred to in Lev 8:33-35.
352 tn Heb “called to”; CEV, NLT “called together.”
353 tn Heb “a he-goat of goats.”
354 tn Heb “and a calf and a lamb, sons of a year, flawless”; KJV, ASV, NRSV “without blemish”; NASB, NIV “without defect”; NLT “with no physical defects.”
355 tn The verb is either a prophetic perfect (“will appear to you”) as in the MT (cf. IBHS §30.5.1.e; so many English versions), or a futurum instans participle (“is going to appear to you”) as in the LXX and several other versions (see the BHS footnote; cf. IBHS 627 §37.6f). In either case, the point is that Moses was anticipating that the
356 tn Heb “to the faces of.”
357 tn Heb “which the
358 tn Heb “and the glory of the
359 tn Instead of “on behalf of the people,” the LXX has “on behalf of your house” as in the Hebrew text of Lev 16:6, 11, 17. Many commentaries follow the LXX here (e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:578; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 118) as do a few English versions (e.g., NAB), but others argue that, as on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16), the offerings of the priests also effected the people, even though there was still the need to have special offerings made on behalf of the people as reflected in the second half of the verse (e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 56).
360 tn Heb “from.”
361 tn Heb “he burned with fire,” an expression which is sometimes redundant in English, but here means “burned up,” “burned up entirely.”
362 sn See Lev 4:5-12 and the notes there regarding the sin offering for priest(s). The distinction here is that the blood of the sin offering for the priests was applied to the horns of the burnt offering altar in the court of the tabernacle, not the incense altar inside the tabernacle tent itself. See the notes on Lev 8:14-15.
363 tn For smoothness in the English translation, “his” was used in place of “Aaron’s.”
364 tn The verb is a Hiphil form of מָצָא, matsa’, “to find” (i.e., causative, literally “to cause to find,” but here the meaning is “to hand to” or “pass to”; see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 117-18, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:581-82). The distinction between this verb and “presented” in v. 9 above (see the note there) is that in v. 9 Aaron’s sons held the bowl while Aaron manipulated some of the blood at the altar, while here in v. 12 they simply handed the bowl to him so he could splash all the blood around on the altar (Milgrom, 581).
365 tn For “splashed” (also in v. 18) see the note on Lev 1:5.
366 tn See the note on v. 12.
367 tn Heb “and the burnt offering they handed to him to its parts and the head.”
368 tn The expression “and performed a decontamination rite [with] it” reads literally in the MT, “and decontaminated [with] it.” The verb is the Piel of חטא (kht’, Qal = “to sin”), which means “to decontaminate, purify” (i.e., “to de-sin”; see the note on Lev 8:15).
369 sn The phrase “like the first one” at the end of the verse refers back to the sin offering for the priests described in vv. 8-11 above. The blood of the sin offering of the common people was applied to the burnt offering altar just like that of the priests.
370 tn The term “standard regulation” (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) here refers to the set of regulations for burnt offering goats in Lev 1:10-13. Cf. KJV “according to the manner”; ASV, NASB “according to the ordinance”; NIV, NLT “in the prescribed way”; CEV “in the proper way.”
371 sn The latter part of the verse (“in addition to the morning burnt offering”) refers to the complex of morning (and evening) burnt and grain offerings that was the daily regulation for the tabernacle from the time of its erection (Exod 40:29). The regulations for it were appended to the end of the section of priestly consecration regulations in Exod 29 (see Exod 29:38-40) precisely because they were to be maintained throughout the priestly consecration period and beyond (Lev 8:33-36). Thus, the morning burnt and grain offerings would already have been placed on the altar before the inaugural burnt and grain offerings referred to here.
372 tn See the note on Lev 9:12.
373 tn Heb “And the fat from the ox and from the ram.”
374 tn The text here has only the participle “the cover” or “that which covers,” which is elliptical for “the fat which covers the entrails” (see Lev 3:3, 9, 14; 7:3).
375 tn The plural “they” refers to the sons of Aaron (cf. v. 18). The LXX, Smr, and Syriac have singular “he,” referring to Aaron alone as in the latter half of the verse (the singular is followed here by NLT). Cf. NCV “Aaron’s sons put them.”
376 tn Heb “from to the faces of the
377 tn Heb “fell on their faces.” Many English versions and commentaries render here “shouted for joy” (e.g., NIV; cf. NCV, NLT) or “shouted joyfully,” but the fact the people “fell on their faces” immediately afterward suggests that they were frightened as, for example, in Exod 19:16b; 20:18-21.
378 tn Although it has been used elsewhere in this translation as an English variation from the ubiquitous use of vav in Hebrew, in this instance “then” as a rendering for vav is intended to show that the Nadab and Abihu catastrophe took place on the inauguration day described in Lev 9. The tragic incident in Lev 10 happened in close temporal connection to the
379 tn The expression “strange fire” (אֵשׁ זָרָה, ’esh zarah) seems imprecise (cf. NAB “profane fire”; NIV “unauthorized fire”; NRSV “unholy fire”; NLT “a different kind of fire”) and has been interpreted numerous ways (see the helpful summary in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 132-33). The infraction may have involved any of the following or a combination thereof: (1) using coals from someplace other than the burnt offering altar (i.e., “unauthorized coals” according to J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:598; cf. Lev 16:12 and cf. “unauthorized person” אִישׁ זָר (’ish zar) in Num 16:40 [17:5 HT], NASB “layman”), (2) using the wrong kind of incense (cf. the Exod 30:9 regulation against “strange incense” קְטֹרֶת זָרָה (qÿtoreh zarah) on the incense altar and the possible connection to Exod 30:34-38), (3) performing an incense offering at an unprescribed time (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 59), or (4) entering the Holy of Holies at an inappropriate time (Lev 16:1-2).
380 tn See the note on 9:24a.
381 tn The Niphal verb of the Hebrew root קָדַשׁ (qadash) can mean either “to be treated as holy” (so here, e.g., BDB 873 s.v. קָּדַשׁ, LXX, NASB, and NEB) or “to show oneself holy” (so here, e.g., HALOT 1073 s.v. קדשׁnif.1, NIV, NRSV, NLT; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:595, 601-3; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 133-34). The latter rendering seems more likely here since, in the immediate context, the
382 tn In this context the Niphal of the Hebrew root כָּבֵד (kaved) can mean “to be honored” (e.g., NASB and NIV here), “be glorified” (ASV, NRSV and NLT here), or “glorify oneself, show one’s glory” (cf. NAB; e.g., specifically in this verse HALOT 455 s.v. כבדnif.3; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:595, 603-4; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 126, 134). Comparing this clause with the previous one (see the note above), the point may be that when the
383 tc Smr has “you must not” (לֹא, lo’) rather than the MT’s “do not” (אַל, ’al; cf. the following negative לֹא, lo’, in the MT).
384 tn Heb “do not let free your heads.” Some have taken this to mean, “do not take off your headgear” (cf. NAB, NASB), but it probably also involves leaving one’s hair unkempt as a sign of mourning (see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:608-9; cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
385 tn Heb “shall weep [for] the burning which the
386 tn Heb “a perpetual statute for your generations”; NAB “a perpetual ordinance”; NRSV “a statute forever”; NLT “a permanent law.” The Hebrew grammar here suggests that the last portion of v. 9 functions as both a conclusion to v. 9 and an introduction to vv. 10-11. It is a pivot clause, as it were. Thus, it was a “perpetual statute” to not drink alcoholic beverages when ministering in the tabernacle, but it was also a “perpetual statue” to distinguish between holy and profane and unclean and clean (v. 10) as well as to teach the children of Israel all such statutes (v. 11).
387 tn Heb “and,” but regarding the translation “as well as,” see the note at the end of v. 9.
388 sn The two pairs of categories in this verse refer to: (1) the status of a person, place, thing, or time – “holy” (קֹדֶשׁ, qodesh) versus “common” (חֹל, khol); as opposed to (2) the condition of a person, place, or thing – “unclean” (טָמֵא, tame’) versus “clean” (טָהוֹר, tahor). Someone or something could gain “holy” status by being “consecrated” (i.e., made holy; e.g., the Hebrew Piel קִדֵּשׁ (qiddesh) in Lev 8:15, 30), and to treat someone or something that was holy as if it were “common” would be to “profane” that person or thing (the Hebrew Piel הִלֵּל [hillel], e.g., in Lev 19:29 and 22:15). Similarly, on another level, someone or something could be in a “clean” condition, but one could “defile” (the Hebrew Piel טִמֵּא [timme’], e.g., in Gen 34:5 and Num 6:9) that person or thing and thereby make it “unclean.” To “purify” (the Hebrew Piel טִהֵר [tiher], e.g., in Lev 16:19 and Num 8:6, 15) that unclean person or thing would be to make it “clean” once again. With regard to the animals (Lev 11), some were by nature “unclean,” so they could never be eaten, but others were by nature “clean” and, therefore, edible (Lev 11:2, 46-47). The meat of clean animals could become inedible by too long of a delay in eating it, in which case the Hebrew term פִּגּוּל (pigul) “foul, spoiled” is used to describe it (Lev 7:18; 19:7; cf. also Ezek 4:14 and Isa 65:4), not the term for “unclean” (טָהוֹר, tahor). Strictly speaking, therefore, unclean meat never becomes clean, and clean meat never becomes unclean.
389 tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV).
390 tn Heb “statute” (cf. 10:9, 11); cf. KJV, NAB, NASB, NRSV “due”; NIV “share”; NLT “regular share.”
391 tn For the rendering of the Hebrew אִשֶׁה (’isheh) as “gift” rather than “offering [made] by fire,” see the note on Lev 1:9.
392 sn Cf. Lev 2:3 and 6:14-18 [6:7-11 HT] for these regulations.
393 tn The word “ceremonially” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the cleanness of the place specified is ritual or ceremonial in nature.
394 sn Cf. Lev 7:14, 28-34 for these regulations.
395 sn This is the very same male goat offered in Lev 9:15 (cf. the note on Lev 10:1 above).
396 tn Heb “but behold, it had been burnt” (KJV and NASB both similar).
397 sn This translation is quite literal. On the surface it appears to mean that the priests would “bear the iniquity” of the congregation by the act of eating the sin offering (so J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:622-25, 635-40). Such a notion is, however, found nowhere else in the Levitical regulations and seems unlikely (so J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 136). A more likely interpretation is reflected in this interpretive rendering: “he gave it to you [as payment] for [your work of] bearing the iniquity of the congregation.” The previous section of the chapter deals with the prebends that the priests received for performing the ministry of the tabernacle (Lev 10:12-15). Lev 10:16-18, therefore, seems to continue the very same topic in the light of the most immediate situation (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:702-4).
398 tn Or “Behold!” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
399 sn The term here rendered “within” refers to the bringing of the blood inside the holy place for application to the altar of incense rather than to the altar of burnt offering in the courtyard of the tabernacle (cf. Lev 4:7, 16-18; 6:30 [23 HT]).
400 tn Or “Behold!” (so KJV, ASV, NASB); NRSV “See.”
401 tn Heb “today they presented their sin offering and their burnt offering before the
402 tn Heb “it was good in his eyes” (an idiom). Cf. KJV “he was content”; NLT “he approved.”
403 tn Heb “the animal,” but as a collective plural, and so throughout this chapter.
404 tn Heb “every divider of hoof and cleaver of the cleft of hooves”; KJV, ASV “parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted.”
405 tn Heb “bringer up of the cud” (a few of the ancient versions include the conjunction “and,” but it does not appear in the MT). The following verses make it clear that both dividing the hoof and chewing the cud were required; one of these conditions would not be enough to make the animal suitable for eating without the other.
406 tn Heb “this,” but as a collective plural (see the following context).
407 sn Regarding “clean” versus “unclean,” see the note on Lev 10:10.
408 tn Heb “because a chewer of the cud it is” (see also vv. 5 and 6).
409 tn Heb “and hoof there is not dividing” (see also vv. 5 and 6).
410 sn A small animal generally understood to be Hyrax syriacus; KJV, ASV, NIV “coney”; NKJV “rock hyrax.”
411 tn See the note on Lev 11:3.
412 tn The meaning and basic rendering of this clause is quite certain, but the verb for “chewing” the cud here is not the same as the preceding verses, where the expression is “to bring up the cud” (see the note on v. 3 above). It appears to be a cognate verb for the noun “cud” (גֵּרָה, gerah) and could mean either “to drag up” (i.e., from the Hebrew Qal of גָרָר [garar] meaning “to drag,” referring to the dragging the cud up and down between the stomach and mouth of the ruminant animal; so J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:647, 653) or “to chew” (i.e., from the Hebrew Niphal [or Qal B] of גָרָר used in a reciprocal sense; so J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 149, and compare BDB 176 s.v. גָרַר, “to chew,” with HALOT 204 s.v. גרר qal.B, “to ruminate”).
413 sn The regulations against touching the carcasses of dead unclean animals (contrast the restriction against eating their flesh) is treated in more detail in Lev 11:24-28 (cf. also vv. 29-40). For the time being, this chapter continues to develop the issue of what can and cannot be eaten.
414 tn Heb “all which have fin and scale” (see also vv. 10 and 12).
415 tn Heb “in the water, in the seas and in the streams” (see also vv. 10 and 12).
416 tn For zoological remarks on the following list of birds see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:662-64; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 159-60.
417 tn Heb “and the buzzard to its kind” (see also vv. 16 and 19 for the same expression “of any kind”).
418 tn Heb “every crow to its kind.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT) render this as “raven.”
419 tn Literally, “the daughter of the wasteland.” Various proposals for the species of bird referred to here include “owl” (KJV), “horned owl” (NIV, NCV), and “ostrich” (ASV, NAB, NASB, NRSV, NLT).
420 tn Heb “the one walking on four” (cf. vv. 21-23 and 27-28).
421 tn Heb “which to it are lower legs from above to its feet” (reading the Qere “to it” rather than the Kethib “not”).
422 tn For entomological remarks on the following list of insects see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:665-66; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 160-61.
423 tn Heb “and to these.”
424 tn Heb “to all” (cf. the note on v. 24). This and the following verses develop more fully the categories of uncleanness set forth in principle in vv. 24-25.
425 tn Heb “divides hoof and cleft it does not cleave”; KJV “divideth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted”; NLT “divided but unsplit hooves.”
426 tn See the note on Lev 11:3.
427 sn Compare the regulations in Lev 11:2-8.
428 tn Heb “the one walking on four.” Compare Lev 11:20-23.
429 tn For zoological analyses of the list of creatures in vv. 29-30, see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:671-72; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 161-62.
430 tn Heb “And all which it shall fall on it from them.”
431 tn Heb “in water it shall be brought.”
432 tn Heb “And any earthenware vessel which shall fall from them into its midst.”
433 tn Heb “all which is in its midst.”
434 tn Heb “which water comes on it.”
435 tn Heb “any drink which may be drunk”; NASB “any liquid which may be drunk”; NLT “any beverage that is in such an unclean container.”
436 tn This half of the verse assumes that the unclean carcass has fallen into the food or drink (cf. v. 33 and also vv. 35-38).
437 tn Heb “be unclean.”
438 tn Heb “a spring and a cistern collection of water”; NAB, NIV “for collecting water.”
439 tn Heb “And if there falls from their carcass on any seed of sowing which shall be sown.”
440 tn This word for “animal” refers to land animal quadrupeds, not just any beast that dwells on the land (cf. 11:2).
441 tn Heb “which is food for you” or “which is for you to eat.”
442 tn Heb “goes” (KJV, ASV “goeth”); NIV “moves about”; NLT “slither along.” The same Hebrew term is translated “walks” in the following clause.
443 tn Heb “until all multiplying of legs.”
444 tn Heb “by any of the swarming things that swarm.”
445 tn Heb “to be to you for a God.”
446 sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 11. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 13:59; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33.
447 tn Heb “for all the creatures.”
448 tn Heb “produces seed” (Hiphil of זָרַע, zara’; used only elsewhere in Gen 1:11-12 for plants “producing” their own “seed”), referring to the process of childbearing as a whole, from conception to the time of birth (H. D. Preuss, TDOT 4:144; cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 164-65; and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:742-43). Smr and LXX have Niphal “be impregnated” (see, e.g., Num 5:28); note KJV “If a woman have conceived seed” (cf. ASV, NAB, NRSV; also NIV, NLT “becomes pregnant”).
449 sn The regulations for the “male child” in vv. 2-4 contrast with those for the “female child” in v. 5 (see the note there).
450 tn Heb “as the days of the menstrual flow [nom.] of her menstruating [q. inf.] she shall be unclean” (R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:925-26; the verb appears only in this verse in the OT). Cf. NASB “as in the days of her menstruation”; NLT “during her menstrual period”; NIV “during her monthly period.”
sn See Lev 15:19-24 for the standard purity regulations for a woman’s menstrual period.
451 tn Heb “and in….”
452 tn This rendering, “the flesh of his foreskin,” is literal. Based on Lev 15:2-3, one could argue that the Hebrew word for “flesh” here (בָּשָׂר, basar) is euphemistic for the male genitals and therefore translate “the foreskin of his member” (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:748). A number of English versions omit this reference to the foreskin and mention only circumcision, presumably for euphemistic reasons (cf. NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).
453 tn Heb “sit, dwell” (יָשָׁב, yashav) normally means “to sit, to dwell”), but here it means “to remain, to stay” in the same condition for a period of time (cf., e.g., Gen 24:55).
454 tn Heb “in bloods of purification” or “purifying” or “purity”; NASB “in the blood of her purification”; NRSV “her time of blood purification.” See the following note.
455 tn The initial seven days after the birth of a son were days of blood impurity for the woman as if she were having her menstrual period. Her impurity was contagious during this period, so no one should touch her or even furniture on which she has sat or reclined (Lev 15:19-23), lest they too become impure. Even her husband would become impure for seven days if he had sexual intercourse with her during this time (Lev 15:24; cf. 18:19). The next thirty-three days were either “days of purification, purifying” or “days of purity,” depending on how one understands the abstract noun טֹהֳרָה (toharah, “purification, purity”) in this context. During this time the woman could not touch anything holy or enter the sanctuary, but she was no longer contagious like she had been during the first seven days. She could engage in normal everyday life, including sexual intercourse, without fear of contaminating anyone else (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 73-74; cf. J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:749-50). Thus, in a sense, the thirty-three days were a time of blood “purity” (cf. the present translation) as compared to the previous seven days of blood “impurity,” but they were also a time of blood “purification” (or “purifying”) as compared to the time after the thirty-three days, when the blood atonement had been made and she was pronounced “clean” by the priest (see vv. 6-8 below). In other words, the thirty-three day period was a time of “blood” (flow), but this was “pure blood,” as opposed to the blood of the first seven days.
456 tn Heb “on purity blood.” The preposition here is עַל (’al) rather than בְּ (bÿ, as it is in the middle of v. 4), but no doubt the same meaning is intended.
457 tn For clarification of the translation here, see the notes on vv. 2-4 above.
sn The doubling of the time after the birth of a female child is puzzling (see the remarks in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:750-51; and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 188). Some have argued, for example, that it derives from the relative status of the sexes, or a supposed longer blood flow for the birth of a woman, or even to compensate for the future menstrual periods of the female just born. Perhaps there is a better explanation. First, a male child must be circumcised on the eighth day, so the impurity of the mother could not last beyond the first seven days lest it interfere with the circumcision rite. A female child, of course, was not circumcised, so the impurity of the mother would not interfere and the length of the impure time could be extended further. Second, it would be natural to expect that the increased severity of the blood flow after childbirth, as compared to that of a woman’s menstrual period, would call for a longer period of impurity than the normal seven days of the menstrual period impurity (compare Lev 15:19 with 15:25-30). Third, this suggests that the fourteen day impurity period for the female child would have been more appropriate, and the impurity period for the birth of a male child had to be shortened. Fourth, not only the principle of multiples of seven but also multiples of forty applies to this reckoning. Since the woman’s blood discharge after bearing a child continues for more than seven days, her discharge keeps her from contact with sacred things for a longer period of time in order to avoid contaminating the tabernacle (note Lev 15:31). This ended up totaling forty days for the birth of a male child (seven plus thirty-three) and a corresponding doubling of the second set of days for the woman (fourteen plus sixty-six). See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:368-70. The fact that the offerings were the same for either a male or a female infant (vv. 6-8) suggests that the other differences in the regulations are not due to the notion that a male child had greater intrinsic value than a female child (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 169).
458 tn Heb “And when” (so KJV, NASB). Many recent English versions leave the conjunction untranslated.
459 tn Heb “a lamb the son of his year”; KJV “a lamb of the first year” (NRSV “in its first year”); NAB “a yearling lamb.”
460 sn See the note on Lev 1:3 regarding the “burnt offering.”
461 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
462 tn Heb “and he” (i.e., the priest mentioned at the end of v. 6). The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
463 sn See the note on Lev 1:4 “make atonement.” The purpose of sin offering “atonement,” in particular, was to purge impurities from the tabernacle (see Lev 15:31 and 16:5-19, 29-34), whether they were caused by physical uncleannesses or by sins and iniquities. In this case, the woman has not “sinned” morally by having a child. Even Mary brought such offerings for giving birth to Jesus (Luke 2:22-24), though she certainly did not “sin” in giving birth to him. Note that the result of bringing this “sin offering” was “she will be clean,” not “she will be forgiven” (cf. Lev 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13). The impurity of the blood flow has caused the need for this “sin offering,” not some moral or relational infringement of the law (contrast Lev 4:2, “When a person sins by straying unintentionally from any of the commandments of the
464 tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”
465 tn Heb “from her source [i.e., spring] of blood,” possibly referring to the female genital area, not just the “flow of blood” itself (as suggested by J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:761). Cf. ASV “from the fountain of her blood.”
466 tn Heb “If her hand cannot find the sufficiency of a sheep.” Many English versions render this as “lamb.”
467 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168, with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
468 tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”
469 tn Heb “A man, if [or when] he has….” The term for “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2) in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female, since either could be afflicted with infections on the skin.
470 tn Some of the terms for disease or symptoms of disease in this chapter present difficulties for the translator. Most modern English versions render the Hebrew term שְׂאֵת (sÿ’et) as “swelling,” which has been retained here (see the explanation in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 189). Some have argued that “deeper (עָמֹק, ’amoq) than the skin of his body” in v. 3 means that “this sore was lower than the surrounding skin” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:773), in which case “swelling” would be an inappropriate translation of שְׂאֵת in v. 2. Similarly, שְׂאֵת also occurs in v. 19, and then v. 20 raises the issue of whether or not it appears to be “lower (שָׁפָל, shafal) than the skin” (cf. also 14:37 for a mark on the wall of a house), which may mean that the sore sinks below the surface of the skin rather than protruding above it as a swelling would (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 76-77). Thus, one could translate here, for example, “discoloration” (so Milgrom and II שְׂאֵת “spot, blemish on the skin” in HALOT 1301 s.v. II שְׂאֵת) or “local inflammation, boil, mole” (so Levine). However, one could interpret “lower” as “deeper,” i.e., visibly extending below the surface of the skin into the deeper layers as suggested by J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 188, 192. “Swelling” often extends deeply below the surface of the skin, it is certainly a common symptom of skin diseases, and the alternation of these two terms (i.e., “deeper” and “lower”) in vv. 25-26 below shows that they both refer to the same phenomenon (see also the note on v. 20 below), so it is retained in the present translation.
471 tn The etymology and meaning of this term is unknown. It could mean “scab” (KJV, ASV, NASB) or possibly “rash” (NIV, NLT), “flaking skin,” or an “eruption” (NRSV) of some sort.
472 tn Heb “shiny spot” or “white spot,” but to render this term “white spot” in this chapter would create redundancy in v. 4 where the regular term for “white” occurs alongside this word for “bright spot.”
473 tn Heb “in the skin of his flesh” as opposed to the head or the beard (v. 29).
474 tn Heb “a mark [or stroke; or plague] of disease.” In some places in this context (vv. 2, 3) it could be translated “a contagious skin disease.” Although the Hebrew term צָרָעַת (tsara’at) rendered here “diseased” is translated in many English versions as “leprosy,” it does not refer to Hanson’s disease, which is the modern technical understanding of the term “leprosy” (HALOT 1057 s.v. צָרְעַת a). There has been much discussion of the proper meaning of the term and the disease(s) to which it may refer (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:774-76, 816-26; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 187-89; and the literature cited by them). The further description of the actual condition in the text suggests that the regulations are concerned with any kind of infectious diseases that are observable on the surface of the skin and, in addition to that, penetrate below the surface of the skin (vv. 3-4) or spread further across the surface of the skin (vv. 5-8). It is true that, in the OT, the term “disease” is often associated specifically with white “scaly” skin diseases that resemble the wasting away of the skin after death (see Milgrom who, in fact, translates “scale disease”; cf., e.g., Exod 4:6-7 and Num 12:9-12, esp. v. 12), but here it appears to be a broader term for any skin disease that penetrates deep or spreads far on the body. Scaly skin diseases would be included in this category, but also other types. Thus, a “swelling,” “scab,” or “bright spot” on the skin might be a symptom of disease, but not necessarily so. In this sense, “diseased” is a technical term. The term “infection” can apply to any “mark” on the skin whether it belongs to the category of “disease” or not (compare and contrast v. 3, where the “infection” is not “diseased,” with v. 4, where the “infection” is found to be “diseased”).
475 tn Or “it shall be reported to Aaron the priest.” This alternative rendering may be better in light of the parallel use of the same expression in Lev 14:2, where the priest had to go outside the camp in order to inspect the person who had been diseased. Since the rendering “he shall be brought to Aaron the priest” might confuse matters there, this expression should be rendered “it shall be reported” both here in 13:2 (cf. also v. 9) and in 14:2. See, however, the further note on 14:2 below, where it is argued that the diseased person would still need to “be brought” to the priest even if this happened outside the camp. Most English versions retain the idea of the afflicted person being “brought” to the priest for inspection.
476 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the infection.”
477 tn There is no “if” expressed, but the contrast between the priestly finding in this verse and the next verse clearly implies it.
478 tn Heb “and the appearance of the infection is deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “deeper than”) the skin of the his flesh.” See the note on v. 20 below.
479 tn For the translation “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above. Cf. TEV “a dreaded skin disease”; NIV “an infectious skin disease”; NLT “a contagious skin disease.”
480 tn The pronoun “it” here refers to the “infection,” not the person who has the infection (cf. the object of “examine” at the beginning of the verse).
481 tn Heb “he shall make him unclean.” The verb is the Piel of טָמֵא (tame’) “to be unclean.” Here it is a so-called “declarative” Piel (i.e., “to declare unclean”), but it also implies that the person is put into the category of actually being “unclean” by the pronouncement itself (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 175; cf. the corresponding opposite in v. 6 below).
482 tn Heb “and if.”
483 tn Heb “and deep is not its appearance from the skin”; cf. NAB “does not seem to have penetrated below the skin.”
484 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the infection seven days.”
485 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
486 tn Heb “the infection has stood in his eyes”; ASV “if in his eyes the plague be at a stay.”
487 tn Although there is no expressed “and” at the beginning of this clause, there is in the corresponding clause of v. 6, so it should be assumed here as well.
488 tn Heb “a second seven days.”
489 tn That is, at the end of the second set of seven days referred to at the end of v. 5, a total of fourteen days after the first appearance before the priest.
490 tn Heb “and behold.”
491 tn Heb “he shall make him clean.” The verb is the Piel of טָהֵר (taher, “to be clean”). Here it is a so-called “declarative” Piel (i.e., “to declare clean”), but it also implies that the person is put into the category of being “clean” by the pronouncement itself (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 176; cf. the corresponding opposite in v. 3 above).
492 tn On the term “scab” see the note on v. 2 above. Cf. NAB “it was merely eczema”; NRSV “only an eruption”; NLT “only a temporary rash.”
493 tn Heb “and he shall wash his clothes.”
494 tn Heb “And if spreading [infinitive absolute] it spreads [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
495 tn The “it” is not expressed but is to be understood. It refers to the “infection” (cf. the note on v. 2 above).
496 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
497 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
498 tn Heb “When there is an infection of disease in a man.” The term for “a man; a human being” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2 and cf. v. 2 above) refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female. For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
499 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
500 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
501 tn Heb “and rawness [i.e., something living] of living flesh is in the swelling”; KJV, NASB, NRSV “quick raw flesh.”
502 tn The term rendered here “chronic” is a Niphal participle meaning “grown old” (HALOT 448 s.v. II ישׁן nif.2). The idea is that this is an old enduring skin disease that keeps on developing or recurring.
503 tn Heb “in the skin of his flesh” as opposed to the head or the beard (v. 29; cf. v. 2 above).
504 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
505 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
506 sn Instead of just the normal quarantine isolation, this condition calls for the more drastic and enduring response stated in Lev 13:45-46. Raw flesh, of course, sometimes oozes blood to one degree or another, and blood flows are by nature impure (see, e.g., Lev 12 and 15; cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 191).
507 tn Heb “And if spreading [infinitive absolute] it spreads out [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
508 tn Heb “all the skin of the infection,” but see v. 4 above.
509 tn Heb “to all the appearance of the eyes of the priest.”
510 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
511 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
512 tn Heb “he shall pronounce the infection clean,” but see v. 4 above. Also, this is another use of the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher; cf. the note on v. 6 above).
513 tn Heb “all of him has turned white, and he is clean.”
514 tn Heb “and in the day of there appears in it living flesh.” Some English versions render this as “open sores” (cf. NCV, TEV, NLT).
515 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the living flesh.”
516 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
517 tn Heb “Or if/when.”
518 tn Heb “the living flesh returns and is turned/changed to white.” The Hebrew verb “returns” is שׁוּב (shuv), which often functions adverbially when combined with a second verb as it is here (cf. “and is turned”) and, in such cases, is usually rendered “again” (see, e.g., GKC 386-87 §120.g). Another suggestion is that here שׁוּב means “to recede” (cf., e.g., 2 Kgs 20:9), so one could translate “the raw flesh recedes and turns white.” This would mean that the new “white” skin “has grown over” the raw flesh (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 79).
519 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it.”
520 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
521 tn Heb “the priest shall pronounce the infection clean,” but see v. 4 above. Also, this is another use of the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
522 tc Heb (MT) reads, “And flesh if/when there is in it, in its skin, a boil.” Smr has only “in it,” not “in its skin,” and a few medieval Hebrew
523 tn Some English versions translate “it shall be shown to [or “be seen by”] the priest,” taking the infection to be the subject of the verb (e.g., KJV, NASB, RSV, NRSV). Based on the Hebrew grammar there is no way to be sure which is intended.
524 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.” The pronoun “it” is unexpressed, but it should be assumed and it refers to the infection (cf. the note on v. 8 above).
525 tn Heb “and behold.”
526 tn Heb “and behold its appearance is low (שָׁפָל, shafal) ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “lower than”) the skin.” Compare “deeper” in v. 3 above where, however, a different word is used (עָמֹק, ’amoq), and see the note on “swelling” in v. 1 above (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 192; note that, contrary to the MT, Tg. Onq. has עָמֹק in this verse as well as v. 4). The alternation of these two terms (i.e., “deeper” and “lower”) in vv. 25-26 below shows that they both refer to the same phenomenon. Some have argued that “this sore was lower than the surrounding skin” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:773, 788), in which case “swelling” would be an inappropriate translation of שְׂאֵת (sÿ’et) in v. 19. It seems unlikely, however, that the surface of a “boil” would sink below the surface of the surrounding skin. The infectious pus etc. that makes up a boil normally causes swelling.
527 tn The declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
528 tn Heb “It is an infection of disease. In the boil it has broken out.” For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
529 tn Heb “and if.”
530 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV, NASB).
531 tn Heb “and the priest will shut him up seven days.”
532 tn Heb “and if.”
533 tn Heb “is indeed spreading.”
534 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’, cf. the note on v. 3 above).
535 tn Heb “and if under it the bright spot stands, it has not spread.”
536 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
537 tn Heb “Or a body, if there is in its skin a burn of fire.”
538 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it.”
539 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
540 tn Heb “and its appearance is deep ‘from’ [comparative מִן (min) meaning ‘deeper than’] the skin.”
541 tn Heb “it is a disease. In the burn it has broken out.”
542 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
543 tn For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
544 tn Heb “and if.”
545 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “and indeed.”
546 tn Heb “and low it is not ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “lower than”) the skin.” See the note on v. 20 above. Cf. TEV “not deeper than the surrounding skin.”
547 tn Heb “and the priest will shut him up seven days.”
548 tn Heb “is indeed spreading.”
549 tn For the rendering “diseased infection” see the note on v. 2 above.
550 tn Heb “and if under it the bright spot stands, it has not spread in the skin.”
551 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher; cf. the note on v. 6 above).
552 tn Heb “And a man or a woman if there is in him an infection in head or in beard.”
sn The shift here is from diseases that are on the (relatively) bare skin of the body to the scalp area of the male or female head or the bearded area of the male face.
553 tn Heb “and the priest shall see the infection.”
554 tn Heb “and behold.”
555 tn Heb “its appearance is deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, “deeper than”) the skin.”
556 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָמֵא (tame’; cf. the note on v. 3 above).
557 tn The exact identification of this disease is unknown. Cf. KJV “dry scall”; NASB “a scale”; NIV, NCV, NRSV “an itch”; NLT “a contagious skin disease.” For a discussion of “scall” disease in the hair, which is a crusty scabby disease of the skin under the hair that also affects the hair itself, see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 192-93, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:793-94. The Hebrew word rendered “scall” (נֶתֶק, neteq) is related to a verb meaning “to tear; to tear out; to tear apart.” It may derive from the scratching and/or the tearing out of the hair or the scales of the skin in response to the itching sensation caused by the disease.
558 tn Heb “It is scall. It is the disease of the head or the beard.”
559 tn Heb “and behold there is not its appearance deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
560 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the infection of the scall seven days.”
561 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
562 tn Heb “and the appearance of the scall is not deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
563 tn The shaving is done by the one who has the infection. Although KJV, ASV have the passive “he shall be shaven” here, most modern English versions have the reflexive “shall shave himself” (so NAB).
564 tn Heb “but the scall shall he not shave” (so KJV, ASV); NIV “except for the diseased area.”
565 tn Heb “and the priest will shut up the scall a second seven days.”
566 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
567 tn Heb “and its appearance is not deep ‘from’ (comparative מִן, min, meaning “deeper than”) the skin.”
568 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
569 tn Heb “And if spreading (infinitive absolute) it spreads further (finite verb).” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
570 tn Heb “and behold.”
571 tn Heb “the priest shall not search to the reddish yellow hair.”
572 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the affected person) is specified in the translation for clarity (likewise in the following verse).
573 tn Heb “and if in his eyes the infection has stood.”
574 tn This is the declarative Piel of the verb טָהֵר (taher, cf. the note on v. 6 above).
575 tn Heb “and the priest shall see.”
576 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
577 tn Heb “he,” but the regulation applies to a man or a woman (v. 38a). In the translation “the person” is used to specify the referent more clearly.
578 tn Heb “And a man, when his head is rubbed bare, he is bald-headed.” The translation offered here, referring to the back of the head (i.e., the area from the top of the head sloping backwards), is based on the contrast between this condition and that of the following verse. See also B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 82.
579 tn Heb “And if from the front edge of his face, his head is rubbed bare.” See the note on v. 40 above.
580 tn The rendering “balding in front” corresponds to the location of the bareness at the beginning of the verse.
581 tn Heb “and the priest shall see it” (cf. KJV). The MT has “him/it” which some take to refer to the person as a whole (i.e., “him”; see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:770; NIV, NRSV, etc.), while others take it as a reference to the “infection” (נֶגַע, nega’) in v. 42 (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 172, 177). Smr has “her/it,” which would probably refer to “disease” (צָרַעַת, tsara’at) in v. 42. The general pattern in the chapter suggests that “it,” either the infection or the disease, is the object of the examination (see, e.g., v. 3 above and v. 50 below).
582 tn Heb “and behold.”
583 tn Heb “like appearance of disease of skin of flesh.”
584 tn Or perhaps translate, “His infection [is] on his head,” as a separate independent sentence (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV). There is no causal expression in the Hebrew text connecting these two clauses, but the logical relationship between them seems to be causal.
585 tn Heb “And the diseased one who in him is the infection.”
586 tn Heb “and his head shall be unbound, and he shall cover on [his] mustache.” Tearing one’s clothing, allowing the hair to hang loose rather than bound up in a turban, and covering the mustache on the upper lip are all ways of expressing shame, grief, or distress (cf., e.g., Lev 10:6 and Micah 3:7).
587 tn Heb “All the days which the infection is in him.”
588 tn Heb “And the garment, if there is in it a mark of disease.”
589 tn Heb “in a wool garment or in a linen garment.”
590 sn The warp (vertical) and woof (horizontal) thread may be two different sets of thread not yet woven together, or they may refer to two different kinds of thread already woven, in which case one might have the disease in it while the other does not. See the explanation in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:809-10.
591 tn Heb “in any handiwork of skin” (cf. KJV, ASV, NRSV); most other modern English versions have “leather.”
592 tn Heb “and the infection is.” This clause is conditional in force, and is translated as such by almost all English versions.
593 tn Heb “And the priest shall see the infection and he shall shut up the infection seven days.”
594 tn Heb “to all which the leather was made into a handiwork.”
595 tn Heb “And if the priest sees and behold”; NASB “and indeed.”
596 tn Heb “a second seven days.”
597 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
598 tn Heb “the infection has not changed its eye.” Smr has “its/his eyes,” as in vv. 5 and 37, but here it refers to the appearance of the article of cloth or leather, unlike vv. 5 and 37 where there is a preposition attached and it refers to the eyes of the priest.
599 tn The terms “back side” and “front side” are the same as those used in v. 42 for the “back or front bald area” of a man’s head. The exact meaning of these terms when applied to articles of cloth or leather is uncertain. It could refer, for example, to the inside versus the outside of a garment, or the back versus the front side of an article of cloth or leather. See J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:814, for various possibilities.
600 tn Heb “And if the priest saw and behold….”
601 tn Heb “and he shall tear it from.”
602 tn Heb “And if”; NIV, NCV “But if”; NAB “If, however.”
603 tn Heb “and the infection turns aside from them.”
604 sn The Hebrew term translated “law” (תוֹרָה, torah) introduces here a summary or colophon for all of Lev 13. Similar summaries are found in Lev 7:37-38; 11:46-47; 14:54-57; and 15:32-33.
605 tn These are declarative Piel forms of the verbs טָהֵר (taher) and טָמֵא (tame’) respectively (cf. the notes on vv. 3 and 6 above).
606 tn Heb “and.” Here KJV, ASV use a semicolon; NASB begins a new sentence with “Now.”
607 tn The alternative rendering, “when it is reported to the priest” may be better in light of the fact that the priest had to go outside the camp. Since he or she had been declared “unclean” by a priest (Lev 13:3) and was, therefore, required to remain outside the camp (13:46), the formerly diseased person could not reenter the camp until he or she had been declared “clean” by a priest (cf. Lev 13:6 for “declaring clean.”). See especially J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:831, who supports this rendering both here and in Lev 13:2 and 9. B. A. Levine, however, prefers the rendering in the text (Leviticus [JPSTC], 76 and 85). It is the most natural meaning of the verb (i.e., “to be brought” from בּוֹא [bo’, “to come”] in the Hophal stem, which means “to be brought” in all other occurrences in Leviticus other than 13:2, 9, and 14:2; see only 6:30; 10:18; 11:32; and 16:27), it suits the context well in 13:2, and the rendering “to be brought” is supported by 13:7b, “he shall show himself to the priest a second time.” Although it is true that the priest needed to go outside the camp to examine such a person, the person still needed to “be brought” to the priest there. The translation of vv. 2-3 employed here suggests that v. 2 introduces the proceeding and then v. 3 goes on to describe the specific details of the examination and purification.
608 tn Heb “and he shall be brought to the priest and the priest shall go out to from outside to the camp and the priest shall see [it].” The understood “it” refers to the skin infection itself (see the note on 13:3 above). The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
609 tn Heb “And behold, the diseased infection has been healed from the diseased person.” The expression “diseased infection” has been translated as simply “infection” to avoid redundancy here in terms of English style.
610 tn The term rendered here “crimson fabric” consists of two Hebrew words and means literally, “crimson of worm” (in this order only in Lev 14:4, 6, 49, 51, 52 and Num 19:6; for the more common reverse order, “worm of crimson,” see, e.g., the colored fabrics used in making the tabernacle, Exod 25:4, etc.). This particular “worm” is an insect that lives on the leaves of palm trees, the eggs of which are the source for a “crimson” dye used to color various kinds of cloth (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 86). That a kind of dyed “fabric” is intended, not just the dye substance itself, is made certain by the dipping of it along with the other ritual materials listed here into the blood and water mixture for sprinkling on the person being cleansed (Lev 14:6; cf. also the burning of it in the fire of the red heifer in Num 19:6). Both the reddish color of cedar wood and the crimson colored fabric seem to correspond to the color of blood and may, therefore, symbolize either “life,” which is in the blood, or the use of blood to “make atonement” (see, e.g., Gen 9:4 and Lev 17:11). See further the note on v. 7 below.
611 sn Twigs of hyssop (probably one or several species of marjoram thymus), a spice and herb plant that grows out of walls in Palestine (see 1 Kgs 4:33 [5:13 HT], HALOT 27 s.v. אֵזוֹב, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 195), were particularly leafy and therefore especially useful for sprinkling the purifying liquid (cf. vv. 5-7). Many of the details of the ritual procedure are obscure. It has been proposed, for example, that the “cedar wood” was a stick to which the hyssop was bound with the crimson material to make a sort of sprinkling instrument (Hartley, 195). In light of the burning of these three materials as part of the preparation of the ashes of the red heifer in Num 19:5-6, however, this seems unlikely.
612 tn The MT reads literally, “And the priest shall command and he shall take.” Clearly, the second verb (“and he shall take”) contains the thrust of the priest’s command, which suggests the translation “that he take” (cf. also v. 5a). Since the priest issues the command here, he cannot be the subject of the second verb because he cannot be commanding himself to “take” up these ritual materials. Moreover, since the ritual is being performed “for the one being cleansed,” the antecedent of the pronoun “he” cannot refer to him. The LXX, Smr, and Syriac versions have the third person plural here and in v. 5a, which corresponds to other combinations with the verb וְצִוָּה (vÿtsivvah) “and he (the priest) shall command” in this context (see Lev 13:54; 14:36, 40). This suggests an impersonal (i.e., “someone shall take” and “someone shall slaughter,” respectively) or perhaps even passive rendering of the verbs in 14:4, 5 (i.e., “there shall be taken” and “there shall be slaughtered,” respectively). The latter option has been chosen here.
613 tn Heb “the one cleansing himself” (i.e., Hitpael participle of טָהֵר, taher, “to be clean”).
614 tn Heb “And the priest shall command and he shall slaughter.” See the note on “be taken up” (v. 4).
615 tn Heb “into a vessel of clay over living water.” The expression “living [i.e., ‘fresh’] water” (cf. Lev 14:50; 15:13; Num 19:17) refers to water that flows. It includes such water sources as artesian wells (Gen 26:19; Song of Songs 4:15), springs (Jer 2:13, as opposed to cisterns; cf. 17:13), and flowing streams (Zech 14:8). In other words, this is water that has not stood stagnant as, for example, in a sealed-off cistern.
sn Although there are those who argue that the water and the blood rites are separate (e.g., E. S. Gerstenberger, Leviticus [OTL], 175-76), it is usually agreed that v. 5b refers to the slaughtering of the bird in such a way that its blood runs into the bowl, which contained fresh water (see, e.g., N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers [NCBC], 74; G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 208; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:836-38; cf. esp. Lev 14:51b, “and dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and in the fresh water”). This mixture of blood and water was then to be sprinkled on the person being cleansed from the disease.
616 tc Heb “the live bird he [i.e., the priest] shall take it.” Although the MT has no ו (vav, “and”) at the beginning of this clause, a few medieval Hebrew
617 tn Heb “the one cleansing himself” (i.e., Hitpael participle of טָהֵר [taher, “to be clean”]).
618 tn Heb “and he shall make him clean.” The verb is the Piel of טָהֵר (taher, “to be clean”), here used as a so-called “declarative” Piel (i.e., “to declare clean”; cf. 13:6, etc.).
619 sn The reddish color of cedar wood and the crimson colored fabric called for in v. 4 (see the note there, esp. the association with the color of blood) as well as the priestly commands to bring “two live” birds (v. 4a), to slaughter one of them “over fresh water” (literally “living water,” v. 5b), and the subsequent ritual with the (second) “live” bird (vv. 6-7) combine to communicate the concept of “life” and “being alive” in this passage. This contrasts with the fear of death associated with the serious skin diseases in view here (see, e.g., Aaron’s description of Miriam’s skin disease in Num 12:12, “Do not let her be like the dead one when it goes out from its mother’s womb and its flesh half eaten away”). Since the slaughtered bird here is not sacrificed at the altar and is not designated as an expiatory “sin offering,” this ritual procedure probably symbolizes the renewed life of the diseased person and displays it publicly for all to see. It is preparatory to the expiatory rituals that will follow (vv. 10-20, esp. vv. 18-20), but is not itself expiatory. Thus, although there are important similarities between the bird ritual here, the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:20-22), and the red heifer for cleansing from corpse contamination (Num 19), this bird ritual is different in that the latter two constitute “sin offerings” (Lev 16:5, 8-10; Num 19:9, 17). Neither of the birds in Lev 14:4-7 is designated or treated as a “sin offering.” Nevertheless, the very nature of the live bird ritual itself and its obvious similarity to the scapegoat ritual suggests that the patient’s disease has been removed far away so that he or she is free from its effects both personally and communally.
620 tn Heb “the one cleansing himself” (i.e., Hitpael participle of טָהֵר [taher, “to be clean”]).
621 tn Heb “and he shall be clean” (so ASV). The end result of the ritual procedures in vv. 4-7 and the washing and shaving in v. 8a is that the formerly diseased person has now officially become clean in the sense that he can reenter the community (see v. 8b; contrast living outside the community as an unclean diseased person, Lev 13:46). There are, however, further cleansing rituals and pronouncements for him to undergo in the tabernacle as outlined in vv. 10-20 (see Qal “be[come] clean” in vv. 9 and 20, Piel “pronounce clean” in v. 11, and Hitpael “the one being cleansed” in vv. 11, 14, 17, 18, and 19). Obviously, in order to enter the tabernacle he must already “be clean” in the sense of having access to the community.
622 tn Heb “And it shall be on the seventh day.”
623 tn Heb “and he shall be clean” (see the note on v. 8).
624 tn The subject “he” probably refers to the formerly diseased person in this case (see the notes on Lev 1:5a, 6a, and 9a).
625 tn This term is often rendered “fine flour,” but it refers specifically to wheat as opposed to barley (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 10) and, although the translation “flour” is used here, it may indicate “grits” rather than finely ground flour (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:179; see the note on Lev 2:1). The unit of measure is most certainly an “ephah” even though it is not stated explicitly (see, e.g., Num 28:5; cf. 15:4, 6, 8), and three-tenths of an ephah would amount to about a gallon, or perhaps one-third of a bushel (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 196; Milgrom, 845). Since the normal amount of flour for a lamb is one-tenth of an ephah (Num 28:4-5; cf. 15:4), three-tenths is about right for the three lambs offered in Lev 14:10-20.
626 tn A “log” (לֹג, log) of oil is about one-sixth of a liter, or one-third of a pint, or two-thirds of a cup.
627 tn The MT here is awkward to translate into English. It reads literally, “and the priest who pronounces clean (Piel participle of טָהֵר, taher) shall cause to stand (Hiphil of עָמַד, ’amad) the man who is cleansing himself (Hitpael participle of טָהֵר) and them” (i.e., the offerings listed in v. 10; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity). Alternatively, the Piel of טָהֵר could be rendered “who performs the cleansing/purification” (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:827), perhaps even as a technical term for one who holds the office of “purification priest” (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 87). It is probably better, however, to retain the same meaning here as in v. 7 above (see the note there regarding the declarative Piel use of this verb).
628 tn Heb “And the priest shall take the one lamb.”
629 tn See the note on Lev 5:15 above. The primary purpose of the “guilt offering” (אָשָׁם, ’asham) was to “atone” (כִּפֶּר, kipper, “to make atonement,” see v. 18 below and the note on Lev 1:4) for “trespassing” on the
630 tn Heb “wave them [as] a wave offering before the
631 tn Heb “And he shall slaughter.”
632 tn Heb “in the place which.”
633 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
634 sn See the note on Lev 1:3 regarding the “burnt offering.”
635 tn Since the priest himself presents this offering as a wave offering (v. 12), it would seem that the offering is already in his hands and he would, therefore, be the one who slaughtered the male lamb in this instance rather than the offerer. Smr and LXX make the second verb “to slaughter” plural rather than singular, which suggests that it is to be taken as an impersonal passive (see J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:852).
636 tn Heb “the guilt offering, it [is] to the
637 tn Heb “and the priest shall put [literally ‘give’] on the lobe of the ear of the one being cleansed, the right one.”
638 tn The term for “big toe” (בֹּהֶן, bohen) is the same as that for “thumb.” It refers to the larger appendage on either the hand or the foot.
639 tn Heb “And the priest…shall pour on the left hand of the priest.” As the Rabbis observe, the repetition of “priest” as the expressed subject of both verbs in this verse may suggest that two priests were involved in this ritual (see m. Nega’im 14:8, referred to by J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:852), but the seemingly unnecessary repetition of “priest” in several verses throughout the chapter argues against this (see esp. vv. 3, 14, 18, 20, 24, and 26). Moreover, in this case, “priest” may be repeated to avoid confusing the priest’s hand with that of the one being cleansed (cf. v. 14).
640 tn Heb “his right finger from the oil.”
641 tn Heb “on his hand.”
642 tn Heb “and the remainder in the oil.”
643 tn Heb “do [or “make”] the sin offering.”
644 tn Heb “And after[ward] he [i.e., the offerer] shall slaughter.” The LXX adds “the priest” as the subject of the verb (as do several English versions, e.g., NAB, NIV, NCV, NLT), but the offerer is normally the one who does the actually slaughtering of the sacrificial animal (cf. the notes on Lev 1:5a, 6a, and 9a).
645 tn Heb “cause to go up.”
646 tn Heb “and his hand does not reach”; NAB, NRSV “and cannot afford so much (afford these NIV).”
647 tn See the notes on v. 10 above.
648 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
649 tn Heb “which his hand reaches”; NRSV “such as (which NIV) he can afford.”
650 tn Heb “and one shall be a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.” The versions struggle with whether or not “one” should or should not have the definite article in its two occurrences in this verse (KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB all have the English definite article with both). The MT has the first without and the second with the article.
651 tn Heb “to the doorway of”; KJV, ASV “unto the door of.”
652 tn Heb “and the priest shall wave them.” In the present translation “priest” is not repeated a second time in the verse for stylistic reasons. With regard to the “waving” of the “wave offering,” see the note on v. 12 above.
653 tn Heb “and the priest shall put [literally ‘give’] on the lobe of the ear of the one being cleansed, the right one.”
654 tn The term for “big toe” (בֹּהֶן, bohen) is the same as that for “thumb.” It refers to the larger appendage on either the hand or the foot.
655 tn Heb “And from the oil the priest shall pour out on the left hand of the priest.” Regarding the repetition of “priest” in this verse see the note on v. 15 above.
656 tn Heb “and the priest shall sprinkle with his right finger from the oil which is on his left hand.”
657 tn Heb “on his hand.”
658 tn Heb “on the hand.”
659 tn Heb “give.”
660 tn Heb “the one from the turtledoves.”
661 tc Heb “from which his hand reaches.” The repetition of virtually the same expression at the beginning of v. 31 in the MT is probably due to dittography (cf. the LXX and Syriac). However, the MT may be retained if it is understood as “one of the turtledoves or young pigeons that are within his means – whichever he can afford” (see J. Milgrom’s translation in Leviticus [AB], 1:828, contra his commentary, 862; cf. REB).
662 tn Heb “and the one a burnt offering on the grain offering.”
663 tn Heb “This is the law of who in him [is] a diseased infection.”
664 tn Heb “who his hand does not reach in his purification”; NASB “whose means are limited for his cleansing”; NIV “who cannot afford the regular offerings for his cleansing.”
665 tn Heb “which I am giving” (so NAB, NIV).
666 tn Heb “give.”
667 tn Heb “in the house of the land of your possession” (KJV and ASV both similar).
668 tn Heb “who to him the house.”
669 tn Heb “And the priest shall command and they shall clear the house.” The second verb (“and they shall clear”) states the thrust of the priest’s command, which suggests the translation “that they clear” (cf. also vv. 4a and 5a above), and for the impersonal passive rendering of the active verb (“that the house be cleared”) see the note on v. 4 above.
670 tn Heb “to see the infection”; KJV “to see the plague”; NASB “to look at the mark (mildew NCV).”
671 tn Heb “all which [is] in the house.”
672 sn Once the priest pronounced the house “unclean” everything in it was also officially unclean. Therefore, if they emptied the house of its furniture, etc. before the official pronouncement by the priest those possessions would thereby remain officially “clean” and avoid destruction or purification procedures.
673 tn Heb “and after thus.”
674 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).
675 tn For “yellowish green and reddish” see Lev 13:49. The Hebrew term translated “eruptions” occurs only here and its meaning is uncertain. For a detailed summary of the issues and views see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:870. The suggestions include, among others: (1) “depressions” from Hebrew שׁקע (“sink”) or קער as the root of the Hebrew term for “bowl” (LXX, Targums, NAB, NASB, NIV; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 90), (2) “streaks” (ASV, NJPS), (3) and “eruptions” as a loan-word from Egyptian sqr r rwtj (“eruption; rash”); cf. Milgrom, 870; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 198-99. The latter view is taken here.
676 tn The Hebrew term קִיר (qir,“wall”) refers to the surface of the wall in this case, which normally consisted of a coating of plaster made of limestone and sand (see HALOT 1099 s.v. קִיר 1.a; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:871; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 199).
677 tn Heb “and he shall shut up the house seven days.”
678 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “If the mark has indeed spread.”
679 tn Heb “and the priest shall command and they shall pull out the stones which in them is the infection, and they shall cast them.” The second and third verbs (“they shall pull out” and “they shall throw”) state the thrust of the priest’s command, which suggests the translation “that they pull out…and throw” (cf. also vv. 4a, 5a, and 36a above), and for the impersonal passive rendering of the active verb (“be pulled and thrown”) see the note on v. 4 above.
680 tn Heb “into from outside to the city.”
681 tn Or, according to the plurality of the verb in Smr, LXX, Syriac, and Targums, “Then the house shall be scraped” (cf. NAB, NLT, and the note on v. 40).
682 tn Heb “from house all around.”
683 tn Heb “dust” (so KJV) or “rubble”; NIV “the material”; NLT “the scrapings.”
684 tn Heb “which they have scraped off.” The MT term קִיר (qir, “wall” from קָצָה, qatsah, “to cut off”; BDB 892), the original Greek does not have this clause, Smr has הקיצו (with uncertain meaning), and the BHS editors and HALOT 1123-24 s.v. I קצע hif.a suggest emending the verb to הִקְצִעוּ (hiqtsi’u, see the same verb at the beginning of this verse; cf. some Greek
685 tn Heb “into from outside to the city.”
686 tn Heb “and bring into under the stones.”
687 tn Heb “after he has pulled out the stones, and after scraping (variant form of the Hiphil infinitive construct, GKC 531) the house, and after being replastered (Niphal infinitive construct).”
688 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “If he sees that the mark has indeed spread.”
689 tn Smr, LXX, Syriac, and Tg. Ps.-J. have the plural verb, perhaps suggesting a passive translation, “The house…shall be torn down” (cf. NAB, NIV, TEV, NLT, and see the note on v. 4b above).
690 tn Once again, Smr, LXX, and Syriac have the plural verb, perhaps to be rendered passive, “shall be brought.”
691 tn Heb “the one who comes into.”
692 tn Heb “he,” referring to the priest (see v. 38). The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
693 tn Heb “And if the priest entering [infinitive absolute] enters [finite verb]” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
694 tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “and the mark has not indeed spread.”
695 tn The pronoun “he” refers to the priest mentioned in the previous verse.
696 tn Regarding these ritual materials, see the note on v. 4 above.
697 tn Regarding the Piel of חָטָא (khata’, cf. v. 52) meaning to “decontaminate” or “perform a decontamination,” see the notes on Lev 8:15 and 9:15.
sn In Lev 8:15, for example, the “sin offering” is used to “decontaminate” the burnt offering altar. As argued above (see the note on v. 7 above), these ritual materials and the procedures performed with them do not constitute a “sin offering” (contrast vv. 19 and 31 above). In fact, no sin offering was required for the purification of a house.
698 tn See the note on v. 5 above.
699 tn Heb “to from outside to the city.”
700 tn Heb “and for the scall”; NASB “a scale”; NIV “any infectious skin disease.” Cf. Lev 13:29-37.
701 sn Cf. Lev 13:47-59.
702 sn Cf. Lev 14:33-53.
703 sn Cf. Lev 13:9-28, 43.
704 sn Cf. Lev 13:2.
705 sn Cf. Lev 13:4, 18-28, 38-39. For explanations of all these terms for disease in Lev 14:56 see 13:2.
706 tn Heb “to teach in the day of the unclean and in the day of the clean.”
707 tn Heb “This is the law of the disease.” Some English versions specify this as “skin disease” (e.g., NIV, NLT), but then have to add “and (+ infectious NLT) mildew” (so NIV) because a house would not be infected with a skin disease.
sn For an explanation of the term “disease” see Lev 13:2.
708 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is a way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 17:3; 22:18, etc.; see the distributive repetition of the noun in GKC 395-96 §123.c).
709 tn The term “discharge” actually means “to flow,” whether referring to a full flow as at a spring of water (Ps 78:20 and parallels) or in reference to the promised land as “a land flowing with milk and honey” (Exod 3:8 and parallels).
710 tn Heb “man, man when there is a discharge from his flesh.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any [or “every”] man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c). It is well-recognized that the term “flesh” (i.e., “body”) in this chapter refers regularly and euphemistically to the male and female genital members or areas of the body (HALOT 164 s.v. בָּשָׂר 5.b; see also, e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 93). The euphemism has been retained in this translation since it is, in fact, intended in the Hebrew text. Some English versions partially remove the euphemism (e.g., NAB “from his private parts”; NRSV “from his member”) while some remove it completely (e.g., NLT “a genital discharge”; TEV “from his penis”; CEV “with an infected penis”).
711 tn The LXX has “this the law of his uncleanness…” (cf. v. 32 and compare, e.g., 13:59; 14:2, 56).
712 tc Smr, LXX, and the Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll from Qumran (11QpaleoLev; Fragment G contains Lev 14:52-15:5 and 16:2-4, and agrees with the LXX of Lev 15:3b) are in essential (although not complete) agreement against the MT in Lev 15:3b and are to be preferred in this case. The shorter MT text has probably arisen due to a lengthy haplography. See K. A. Mathews, “The Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev) and the Text of the Hebrew Bible,” CBQ 48 (1986): 177-78, 198; D. N. Freedman, “Variant Readings in the Leviticus Scroll from Qumran Cave 11,” CBQ 36 (1974): 528-29; D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, 32. The MT of Lev 15:3 reads: “Now this is his uncleanness in [regard to] his discharge – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Smr adds after MT’s “blocks his discharge” the following: “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Thus, the MT appears to skip from Smr טמא הוא “he is unclean” in the middle of the verse to יא/טמאתו הו “this is his uncleanness” at the end of the verse, leaving out “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge” (cf. the BHS footnote). 11Q1 (paleoLeva frag. G) is indeed fragmentary, but it does have ימי ז בו כל “…in him, all the days of the fl[ow],” supporting Smr and LXX tradition. The LXX adds after MT “blocks his discharge” the following: “all the days of the flow of his body, by which his body is affected by the flow,” followed by “it is his uncleanness” (i.e., the last two words of the MT).
sn The contrast between the dripping or flowing from the male sexual member as opposed to there being a blockage is important. One might not understand that even though a blockage actually causes a lack of discharge, it is still unclean.
713 tn Heb “it is his uncleanness,” but the last clause recapitulates the effect of the first clause in this verse, both of which introduce the regulations for such uncleanness in the following verses. In other words, whether his discharge flows from his penis or is blocked in it, he is still unclean and must proceed according to the following regulations (vv. 4ff).
714 tn Heb “All the bed which the man with a discharge sits on it shall be unclean”; cf. NLT “Any bedding.”
715 tn Heb “and all the vessel which he sits on it shall be unclean”; NASB “everything on which he sits.”
716 tn Heb “And a man who touches in his bed”; NLT “touch the man’s bedding.”
717 tn Heb “he shall wash his clothes and bathe in water and be unclean until the evening” (cf. also vv. 6-8, 10-11, etc.).
718 tn Heb “And the one who touches in the flesh.” In this instance, “flesh” (or “body”) probably refers literally to any part of the body, not the genitals specifically (see the discussion in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:914).
719 tn Heb “And if the man with a discharge spits in the clean one.”
720 tn The Hebrew term for “means of riding” is a cognate noun from the verb “ride” later in this verse. It refers to anything on which one may ride without the feet touching the ground including, for example, a saddle, a (saddle) blanket, or a seat on a chariot (see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:916).
721 tn Heb “which shall be under him.” The verb is perhaps a future perfect, “which shall have been.”
722 tn Heb “them”; the referent (the previously mentioned items which were under the unclean person) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
723 tn Heb “And all who the man with the discharge touches in him and his hands he has not rinsed in water.”
724 tn The Hebrew term כְּלִי (kÿli) can mean “vessel” (v. 12a) or “utensil, implement, article” (v. 12b). An article of clay would refer to a vessel or container of some sort, while one made of wood would refer to some kind of tool or instrument.
725 tn For the expression “fresh water” see the note on Lev 14:5 above.
726 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
727 tc The MT has the Qal form of the verb בּוֹא (bo’) “to come” here, but the LXX (followed generally by the Syriac and Tg. Ps.-J.) reflects the Hiphil form of the same verb, “to bring” as in v. 29 below. In v. 29, however, there is no additional clause “and give them to the priest,” so the Hiphil is necessary in that context while it is not necessary here in v. 14.
728 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
729 tn Heb “and the priest shall make them one a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.” See the note on Lev 1:3 regarding the “burnt offering.”
730 tn Heb “And the priest.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
731 tn Heb “from”; see the note on 4:26.
732 tn Heb “And a man when a lying of seed goes out from him”; KJV, ASV “any man’s seed of copulation”; NIV, NRSV, TEV, NLT “an emission of semen.”
733 tn Heb “and he shall bathe all his flesh in water.”
734 tn Heb “And a woman who a man lies with her a lying of seed.”
735 tn See the note on Lev 15:2 above.
736 tn Heb “blood shall be her discharge in her flesh.” The term “flesh” here refers euphemistically to the female sexual area (cf. the note on v. 2 above).
737 tn See the note on Lev 12:2 and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 1:925-27.
738 tn Heb “and if on the bed it (הוּא, hu’) is or on the vessel which she sits on it, when he touches it….” The translation and meaning of this verse is a subject of much debate in the commentaries (see the summary in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:938-40). It is difficult to determine what הוּא refers to, whether it means “he” referring to the one who does the touching, “it” for the furniture or the seat in v. 22, “she” referring to the woman herself (see Smr היא rather than הוא), or perhaps anything that was lying on the furniture or the bed of vv. 21-22. The latter view is taken here (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).
739 tn The MT accent suggest that “when he touches it” goes with the preceding line, but it seems to be better to take it as an introduction to what follows (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).
740 tn Heb “and if a man indeed lies with her and her menstrual impurity is on him.”
741 tn Heb “And a woman when the flow of her blood flows.”
742 tn Heb “in not the time of her menstruation or when it flows on her menstruation.”
743 tn See the note on v. 5 above.
744 tn Heb “And if…” Although this clause is parallel to v. 13 above, it begins with וְאִם (vÿ’im, “and if”) here rather than וְכִי (vÿkhi, “and when/if”) there.
745 tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).
746 tn Heb “And the priest shall make the one a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.”
747 tn Heb “And the priest.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
748 tn Heb “And you shall.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NCV, NRSV).
749 tn Heb “and they.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) indicates a negative purpose (“lest,” so NAB, NASB).
750 tn Heb “and who a lying of seed goes out from him.”
751 tn Heb “to become unclean in it.”
752 tn Heb “and the one with a discharge, his discharge to the male and the female.”
753 tn Heb “and for a man.”
754 tn Heb “in their drawing near to the faces of the
755 tn Heb “into the holy place from house to the veil-canopy.” In this instance, the Hebrew term “the holy place” refers to “the most holy place” (lit. “holy of holies”), since it is the area “inside the veil-canopy” (cf. Exod 26:33-34). The Hebrew term פָּרֹכֶת (parokhet) is usually translated “veil” or “curtain,” but it seems to have stretched not only in front of but also over the top of the ark of the covenant which stood behind and under it inside the most holy place, and thus formed more of a canopy than simply a curtain (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 3:687-89).
756 tn Heb “to the faces of the atonement plate.” The exact meaning of the Hebrew term כַּפֹּרֶת (kapporet) here rendered “atonement plate” is much debated. The traditional “mercy seat” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV) does not suit the cognate relationship between this term and the Piel verb כִּפֶּר (kipper, “to make atonement, to make expiation”). The translation of the word should also reflect the fact that the most important atonement procedures on the Day of Atonement were performed in relation to it. Since the
757 tn Heb “with a bull, a son of the herd.”
758 sn See the note on Lev 4:3 regarding the term “sin offering.”
759 sn For the “burnt offering” see the note on Lev 1:3.
760 sn The term “tunic” refers to a shirt-like garment worn next to the skin and, therefore, put on first (cf. Exod 28:4, 39-40; 29:5, 8; 39:27). It covered the upper body only. For detailed remarks on the terminology for the priestly clothing in this verse (except the “linen leggings”) see the notes on Lev 8:7-9 and the literature cited there.
761 tn Heb “shall be on his flesh.” As in many instances in Lev 15, the term “flesh” or “body” here is euphemistic for the male genitals (J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1017, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 222; cf. the note on Lev 15:2), which the priest must be careful not to expose during such ritual procedures (see Exod 20:26 with 28:42-43).
762 sn The sash fastened the tunic around the waist (Exod 28:4, 39; 29:9; 39:29).
763 tn Heb “and in a turban of linen he shall wrap.”
sn The turban consisted of wound up linen (cf. Exod 28:4, 37, 39; 29:6; 39:31; Lev 16:4). It is usually thought to be a “turban,” but it might be only a “turban-like headband” wound around the forehead area (HALOT 624 s.v. מִצְנֶפֶת).
764 tn Heb “and he shall bathe….”
765 tn Heb “And he shall take.”
766 tn Heb “he-goats of goats”; CEV “two goats, both of them males.”
767 tn Heb “the two he-goats,” referred to as “two he-goats of goats” in v. 5.
768 tn Heb “and Aaron shall give lots on the two he-goats.” See the note on Lev 8:8 for the priestly casting of lots in Israel and the explanation in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 102, on Lev 16:8-9. J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:1019-20, suggests, however, that the expression here signifies that, the lots having been cast, the priest was to literally “place” (Heb “give”) the one marked “for the
769 tn The meaning of the Hebrew term עֲזָאזֵל (’aza’zel, four times in the OT, all of them in this chapter; vv. 8, 10 [2 times], and 26) is much debated. There are three or perhaps four major views (see the summaries and literature cited in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1020-21; B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 102; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 237-38; D. P. Wright, The Disposal of Impurity [SBLDS], 21-25; M. V. Van Pelt and W. C. Kaiser, NIDOTTE 3:362-63; and M. S. Moore, NIDOTTE 4:421-22). (1) Some derive the term from a combination of the Hebrew word עֵז (’ez, “goat”; i.e., the word for “goats” in v. 5) and אָזַל (’azal, “to go away”), meaning “the goat that departs” or “scapegoat” (cf., e.g., the LXX and KJV, NASB, NIV, NLT). This meaning suits the ritual practice of sending the so-called “scapegoat” away into the wilderness (vv. 10, 21-22, 26). Similarly, some derive the term from Arabic ’azala (“to banish, remove”), meaning “entire removal” as an abstract concept (see BDB 736 s.v. עֲזָאזֵל). (2) Some see the term as a description of the wilderness area to which the goat was dispatched, deriving it somehow from Arabic ’azazu (“rough ground”) or perhaps עָזָז, (’azaz, “to be strong, fierce”). (3) The most common view among scholars today is that it is the proper name of a particular demon (perhaps even the Devil himself) associated with the wilderness desert regions. Levine has proposed that it may perhaps derive from a reduplication of the ז (zayin) in עֵז combined with אֵל (’el, “mighty”), meaning “mighty goat.” The final consonantal form of עֲזָאזֵל would have resulted from the inversion of the א (aleph) with the second ז. He makes the point that the close association between עֵז and שְׂעִירִים (shÿ’irim), which seems to refer to “goat-demons” of the desert in Lev 17:7 (cf. Isa 13:21, etc.), should not be ignored in the derivation of Azazel, although the term ultimately became the name of “the demonic ruler of the wilderness.” The latter view is supported by the parallel between the one goat “for (לְ, lamed preposition) the
770 tn Heb “which the lot has gone up on it for the
771 tn The LXX has “he shall stand it” (cf. v. 7).
772 tn Heb “to make atonement on it to send it away to Azazel toward the wilderness.”
773 tn Heb “and he shall take the fullness of the censer, coals of fire, from on the altar from to the faces of the
774 tn Heb “and the fullness of the hollow of his two hands, finely ground fragrant incense.”
775 tn Heb “and he shall bring from house to the veil-canopy.”
776 tn The text here has only “above the testimony,” but this is surely a shortened form of “above the ark of the testimony” (see Exod 25:22 etc.; cf. Lev 16:2). The term “testimony” in this expression refers to the ark as the container of the two stone tablets with the Ten Commandments written on them (see Exod 25:16 with Deut 10:1, 5, etc.).
777 tn Heb “and he will not die,” but it is clear that the purpose for the incense cloud was to protect the priest from death in the presence of the
778 tn Heb “on the faces of the atonement plate toward the east.” Some have taken this to mean that the ark was stationed just behind the veil-canopy on the eastern side of the most holy place. Thus, the high priest would need to enter and walk toward the west end of the most holy place and then turn eastward in order to face the ark and sprinkle the blood in an eastward direction. The rendering here, however, requires that the ark was stationed on the western end, or perhaps in the middle of the area, so that as the priest entered he was already facing the ark and would sprinkle the blood on the eastern face of the atonement plate, in a westward direction (see, e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 239 versus J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1032).
779 sn Presumably in this case the blood was sprinkled seven times on the ground in front of the ark on which the atonement plate was mounted.
780 tn Heb “and he shall bring its blood into from house to the veil-canopy.”
781 tn Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative or even inferential force here.
782 tn Heb “to all their sins.”
783 tn Heb “And all man shall not be in the tent of meeting.” The term for “a man, human being” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2) refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female.
784 tn Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) indicates the sequence of events here.
785 tn Heb “And he shall take.”
786 tn Heb “and he shall purify it and he shall consecrate it.”
787 tn Heb “And he shall finish from atoning the holy place.” In this case, the “holy place” etc. are direct objects of the verb “to atone” (cf. v. 33a below). In this case, therefore, the basic meaning of the verb (i.e., “to purge” or “wipe clean”) comes to the forefront. When the prepositions עַל (’al) or בֲּעַד (ba’ad) occur with the verb כִּפֶּר (kipper) the purging is almost always being done “for” or “on behalf of” priests or people (see the note on Lev 1:4 as well as R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:698, the literature cited there, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 110, for more details).
788 tn Heb “transgressions to all their sins.”
789 tn Heb “and he shall give them.”
790 tn The meaning of the Hebrew term עִתִּי (’itti) is uncertain. It is apparently related to עֵת (’et, “time”), and could perhaps mean either that he has been properly “appointed” (i.e., designated) for the task (e.g., NIV and NRSV) or “ready” (e.g., NASB and NEB).
791 tn The Hebrew term rendered “inaccessible” derives from a root meaning “to cut off” (cf. NAB “an isolated region”). Another possible translation would be “infertile land” (see HALOT 187 s.v. *גָּזֵּר and cf. NRSV “a barren region”; NLT “a desolate land.”
792 tn Heb “and he [the man (standing) ready, v. 21] shall send the goat away.”
793 tn Heb “And Aaron shall enter.”
794 tn Heb “And he shall make atonement.”
795 tn Heb “on behalf of himself and on behalf of the people.” After “on behalf of himself” the LXX adds the expected “and on behalf of his household” (cf. vv. 6, 11, and 17).
796 tn Heb “And the fat of the sin offering he is to offer up.”
797 tn For “Azazel” see the note on v. 8 above.
798 tn Heb “he shall bring into from outside to the camp.”
799 tn Heb “they shall burn with fire”; KJV “burn in the fire.” Because “to burn with fire” is redundant in contemporary English the present translation simply has “must be burned up.”
800 tn Heb “And it [feminine] shall be for you a perpetual statute.” Verse 34 begins with the same clause except for the missing demonstrative pronoun “this” here in v. 29. The LXX has “this” in both places and it suits the sense of the passage, although both the verb and the pronoun are sometimes missing in this clause elsewhere in the book (see, e.g., Lev 3:17).
801 tn Heb “you shall humble your souls.” The verb “to humble” here refers to various forms of self-denial, including but not limited to fasting (cf. Ps 35:13 and Isa 58:3, 10). The Mishnah (m. Yoma 8:1) lists abstentions from food and drink, bathing, using oil as an unguent to moisten the skin, wearing leather sandals, and sexual intercourse (cf. 2 Sam 12:16-17, 20; see the remarks in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1054; B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 109; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 242).
802 tn Heb “and all work you shall not do.”
803 tn Heb “the native and the sojourner who sojourns.”
804 tn The phrase “from all your sins” could go with the previous clause as the verse is rendered here (see, e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 109, and J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:1011), or it could go with the following clause (i.e., “you shall be clean from all your sins before the
805 tn See the note on v. 29 above.
806 tn Compare v. 29a above.
807 tn Heb “And the priest whom he shall anointed him and whom he shall fill his hand to act as priest under his father.” Imperfect active verbs are often used as passives (see, e.g., v. 27 above and the note on Lev 14:4).
808 tn Heb “to atone” (also later in this verse); see the note on “purifying the holy place” in 16:20.
809 tn Heb “the sanctuary of the holy place.” Although this is the only place this expression occurs in the OT, it clearly refers to the innermost shrine behind the veil-canopy, where the ark of the covenant was located.
810 tn Heb “and the tent of meeting and the alter he shall atone.” The repetition of the verb כִּפֶּר (kipper, “to atone”) at the beginning and end of the sequence appears to be strange, but the MT accents suggest that only “the Most Holy Place” goes with the verb at the beginning of the verse. Of course, the purging of “the Most Holy Place” has been the main emphasis of this chapter from the start (see vv. 2-3 and 11-17).
811 tn At this point in the verse the verb כִּפֶּר (kipper, “to make atonement”) takes its object with the preposition עַל (’al, “for”; literally, “upon”; contrast the first part of the verse and cf. the notes on Lev 1:4 and 16:20 above).
812 tn Heb “And this shall be for you to a statute of eternity” (cf. v. 29a above). cf. NASB “a permanent statute”; NIV “a lasting ordinance.”
813 tn Heb “from”; see note on 4:26.
814 tn Heb “one [feminine] in the year.”
815 tn The MT of Lev 16:34b reads literally, “and he did just as the
816 tn The complex wording of vv. 3-4 requires stating “blood guilt” at the beginning of v. 3 even though it is not mentioned until the middle of v. 4. The Hebrew text has simply “blood,” but in this case it refers to the illegitimate shedding of animal blood, similar to the shedding of the blood of an innocent human being (Deut 19:10, etc.). In order for it to be legitimate the animal must be slaughtered at the tabernacle and its blood handled by the priests in the prescribed way (see, e.g., Lev 1:5; 3:2, 17; 4:5-7; 7:26-27, etc.; cf. vv. 10-16 below for more details).
817 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 15:2; 22:18, etc.). See the note on Lev 15:2.
818 tn The original LXX adds “or the sojourners who sojourn in your midst” (cf. Lev 16:29, etc., and note esp. 17:8, 10, and 13 below).
819 tn Heb “or who slaughters from outside to the camp.”
820 tn Smr and LXX add after “tent of meeting” the following: “to make it a burnt offering or a peace offering to the
821 tc Smr includes the suffix “it,” which is needed in any case in the translation to conform to English style.
822 sn The exact meaning of this penalty clause is not certain. It could mean (1) that he will be executed, whether by God or by man, (2) that he will be excommunicated from sanctuary worship and/or community benefits, or (3) that his line will be terminated by God (i.e., extirpation). See also the note on Lev 7:20.
823 tn Heb “So that which.”
824 tn Heb “on the faces of the field.”
825 tn For the translation “splash” see the note on Lev 1:5.
826 tn The LXX adds “all around” (i.e., Hebrew סָבִיב [saviv, “all around”]), which is normal for this overall construction (see, e.g., Lev 1:5; 3:8, etc.).
827 tn Heb “sacrifice.” This has been translated as “offer” for stylistic reasons to avoid the redundancy of “sacrifice their sacrifices.”
828 tn On “goat demons” of the desert regions see the note on Lev 16:8.
829 tn Heb “which they are committing harlotry after them.”
830 tn Heb “for your generations.”
831 tn Heb “Man, man.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any [or “every”] man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2).
832 tn Heb “and.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has an alternative sense (“or”).
833 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
834 tc The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate have “your” (plural) rather than “their.”
835 tn Heb “causes to go up.”
836 tn Heb “to make it,” meaning “to make the sacrifice.”
837 tn For remarks on the “cut off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above.
838 tn Heb “And man, man.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any (or every) man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2).
839 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
840 tc The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate have “your” (plural) rather than “their.”
841 tn Heb “I will give my faces against [literally “in”] the soul/person/life [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh, feminine] who eats the blood and I will cut it [i.e., that נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] off from the midst of its people.” The uses of נֶפֶשׁ in this and the following verse are most significant for the use of animal blood in Israel’s sacrificial system. Unfortunately, it is a most difficult word to translate accurately and consistently, and this presents a major problem for the rendering of these verses (see, e.g., G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 244-45). No matter which translation of נֶפֶשׁ one uses here, it is important to see that both man and animal have נֶפֶשׁ and that this נֶפֶשׁ is identified with the blood. See the further remarks on v. 11 below. On the “cutting off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above. In this instance, God takes it on himself to “cut off” the person (i.e., extirpation).
842 tn Heb “the life of the flesh.” Here “flesh” stands for “every living thing,” that is, all creatures (cf. NIV, NRSV, NLT “every creature”; CEV “every living creature.”
843 tn Heb “for the soul/life (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) of the flesh, it is in the blood” (cf. the note of v. 10 above and v. 14 below). Although most modern English versions begin a new sentence in v. 11, “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (see, e.g., NJPS, NASB, NIV, NRSV), the כִּי (ki, “for, because”) at the beginning of the verse suggests continuation from v. 10, as the rendering here indicates (see, e.g., NEB, NLT; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 261; and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 239).
sn This verse is a well-known crux interpretum for blood atonement in the Bible. The close association between the blood and “the soul/life [נֶפֶשׁ] of the flesh [בָּשָׂר, basar]” (v. 11a) begins in Gen 9:2-5 (if not Gen 4:10-11), where the
844 tn Heb “And I myself have given it to you.”
845 tn Heb “for the blood, it by (בְּ, bet preposition, “in”] the life makes atonement.” The interpretation of the preposition is pivotal here. Some scholars have argued that it is a bet of exchange; that is, “the blood makes atonement in exchange for the life [of the slaughtered animal]” (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:694-95, 697 for analysis and criticism of this view). It is more likely that, as in the previous clause (“your lives”), “life/soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) here refers to the person who makes the offering, not the animal offered. The blood of the animal makes atonement for the person who offers it either “by means of” (instrumental bet) the “life/soul” of the animal, which it symbolizes or embodies (the meaning of the translation given here); or perhaps the blood of the animal functions as “the price” (bet of price) for ransoming the “life/soul” of the person.
846 tn Heb “all/any person from you shall not eat blood.”
847 tn Heb “and the sojourner, the one sojourning in your midst, shall not eat blood.”
848 tc A few medieval Hebrew
849 tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”
850 tc The LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and certain
851 tn Heb “[wild] game of animal.”
852 tn That is, it must be a clean animal, not an unclean animal (cf. Lev 11).
853 tn Heb “for the life/soul (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh) of all flesh, its blood in its life/soul (נֶפֶשׁ) it is.” The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate leave out “in its life/soul,” which would naturally yield “for the life of all flesh, its blood it is” (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 261, 263). The present translation is something of an oversimplification, but the meaning is basically the same in any case. Cf. NRSV “For the life of every creature – its blood is its life.”
854 tn Heb “of all flesh” (also later in this verse). See the note on “every living thing” in v. 11.
855 tn For remarks on the “cut off” penalty see the note on v. 4 above.
856 tn Heb “And any soul” (נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh).
857 tn Heb “carcass,” referring to the carcass of an animal that has died on its own, not the carcass of an animal slaughtered for sacrifice or killed by wild beasts. This has been clarified in the translation by supplying the phrase “of natural causes”; cf. NAB “that died of itself”; TEV “that has died a natural death.”
858 tn Heb “in the native or in the sojourner.”
859 tn The words “his clothes” are not in the Hebrew text, but are repeated in the translation for clarity.
860 tn Heb “and he shall bear his iniquity.” The rendering “bear the punishment for the iniquity” reflects the use of the word “iniquity” to refer to the punishment for iniquity. This is sometimes referred to as the consequential use of the term (cf. Lev 5:17; 7:18; 10:17; etc.).
sn For the interpretation of this verse reflected in the present translation, see the remarks on Lev 5:1 in J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:292-97.
861 tn Heb “As the work [or “deed”] of the land of Egypt, which you were dwelling in it, you must not do.”
862 tn Heb “and as the work [or “deed”] of the land of Canaan which I am bringing you to there, you must not do.” The participle “I am bringing” is inceptive; the
863 tn Heb “and you shall not walk.”
864 tn Heb “My regulations you shall do”; KJV, NASB “my judgments”; NRSV “My ordinances”; NIV, TEV “my laws.”
sn The Hebrew term translated “regulation” (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) refers to the set of regulations about to be set forth in the following chapters (cf. Lev 19:37; 20:22; 25:18; 26:46). Note especially the thematic and formulaic relationships between the introduction here in Lev 18:1-5 and the paraenesis in Lev 20:22-26, both of which refer explicitly to the corrupt nations and the need to separate from them by keeping the
865 tn Heb “and my statutes you shall keep [or “watch; guard”] to walk in them.”
866 tn Heb “And you shall keep.”
867 tn Heb “which the man shall do them and shall live in them.” The term for “a man, human being; mankind” (אָדָם, ’adam; see the note on Lev 1:2) in this case refers to any person among “mankind,” male or female. The expression וָחַי (vakhay, “and shall live”) looks like the adjective “living” so it is written וְחָיָה (vÿkhayah) in Smr, but the MT form is simply the same verb written as a double ayin verb (see HALOT 309 s.v. חיה qal and GKC 218 §76.i; cf. Lev 25:35).
868 tn Heb “Man, man shall not draw near to any flesh (שְׁאֵר, shÿ’er) of his body/flesh (בָּשָׂר, basar).” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any (or “every”) man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2). The two words for “flesh” are combined to refer to emphasize the physical familial relatedness (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 282, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 119).
869 tn Heb “to uncover [her] nakedness” (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV), which is clearly euphemistic for sexual intercourse (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 282, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 119). This expression occurs a number of times in the following context and is generally translated “have sexual intercourse with [someone],” although in the case of the father mentioned in the following verse the expression may be connected to the shame or disgrace that would belong to the father whose wife’s sexuality is violated by his son. See the note on the word “mother” in v. 7.
870 sn The general statement prohibiting sexual intercourse between close relatives serves as an opening summary statement for the following section, which gives details concerning which degrees of relationship are specifically forbidden.
871 tn The verbal negative here is the same as that used in the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:4-5, 7, 13-17). It suggests permanent prohibition rather than a simple negative command and could, therefore, be rendered “must not” here and throughout the following section as it is in vv. 3-4 above.
872 tn Heb “The nakedness of your father and [i.e., even] the nakedness of your mother you shall not uncover.”
sn Commentators suggest that the point of referring to the father’s nakedness is that the mother’s sexuality belongs to the father and is forbidden to the son on that account (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 120, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 294). The expression may, however, derive from the shame of nakedness when exposed. If one exposes his mother’s nakedness to himself it is like openly exposing the father’s nakedness (cf. Gen 9:22-23 with the background of Gen 2:25 and 3:7, 21). The same essential construction is used in v. 10 where the latter explanation makes more sense than the former.
873 tn Heb “the nakedness of your father she is.” See the note on v. 7 above. This law refers to another wife of the man’s father, who is not that man’s mother. The laws in the Pentateuch sometimes assume the possibility that a man may have more than one wife (cf., e.g., Deut 21:15-17).
874 tn Heb “the daughter of your father or the daughter of your mother.”
875 tn Heb “born of house or born of outside.” CEV interprets as “whether you grew up together or not” (cf. also TEV, NLT).
876 tc Several medieval Hebrew
tn For a smooth English translation “either of” was added.
877 sn That is, to have sexual intercourse with one’s granddaughter would be like openly exposing one’s own shameful nakedness (see the note on v. 7 above).
878 tn Heb “The nakedness of the daughter of your father’s wife born of your father, she is your sister; you must not uncover her nakedness.” That is, a half sister, the daughter of the man’s father by another wife, who is not the man’s mother, is to be considered a true sister. Therefore, the man must not have sexual intercourse with her.
879 tc A few medieval Hebrew
880 tn Heb “you must not draw near to his wife.” In the context this refers to approaching one’s aunt to have sexual intercourse with her, so this has been specified in the translation for clarity.
881 tn As in v. 12 (see the note there), some
882 sn Regarding the last clause, see the notes on vv. 7 and 10 above.
883 tn Heb “You must not uncover the nakedness of both a woman and her daughter; the daughter of her son and the daughter of her daughter you must not take to uncover her nakedness.” Translating “her” as “them” provides consistency in the English. In this kind of context, “take” means to “take in marriage” (cf. also v. 18). The LXX and Syriac have “their nakedness,” referring to the nakedness of the woman’s granddaughters, rather than the nakedness of the woman herself.
884 tc Heb “they are her flesh.” The LXX reads “your” here (followed by NRSV). If the LXX reading were followed by the present translation, the result would be “They are closely related to you.”
885 tn The term rendered “lewdness” almost always carries a connotation of cunning, evil device, and divisiveness (cf. HALOT 272 s.v. I זִמָּה 2, “infamy”), and is closely associated with sexual and religious infidelity (cf., e.g., Lev 19:29; 20:14; Job 31:11; Jer 13:27; Ezek 16:27; 22:9). Recent English versions differ on how they handle this: NAB “would be shameful”; CEV “would make you unclean”; NIV “wickedness”; NLT “horrible wickedness”; NRSV “depravity”; TEV “incest.”
886 tn Or “as a concubine”; Heb “And a woman to her sister you shall not take to be a second wife [or “to be a concubine”].” According to HALOT 1059 s.v. III צרר, the infinitive “to be a second wife” (לִצְרֹר, litsror) is a denominative verb from II צָרָה A (“concubine; second wife”), which, in turn, derives from II צר “to treat with hostility” (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 283, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 122).
887 tn Heb “on her in her life.”
888 tn Heb “in the menstruation of her impurity”; NIV “during the uncleanness of her monthly period.”
889 tn Heb “And to the wife of your fellow citizen you shall not give your layer for seed.” The meaning of “your layer” (שְׁכָבְתְּךָ, shÿkhavtÿkha) is uncertain (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 122, “you shall not place your layer of semen”; but cf. also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 283, and the literature cited there for the rendering, “you shall not give your penis for seed”).
890 tn Heb “And from your seed you shall not give to cause to pass over to Molech.” Smr (cf. also the LXX) has “to cause to serve” rather than “to cause to pass over.” For detailed remarks on Molech and Molech worship see N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers (NCBC), 87-88; P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 259-60; and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 333-37, and the literature cited there. It could refer to either human sacrifice or a devotion of children to some sort of service of Molech, perhaps of a sexual sort (cf. Lev 20:2-5; 2 Kgs 23:10, etc.). The inclusion of this prohibition against Molech worship here may be due to some sexual connection of this kind, or perhaps simply to the lexical link between זֶרַע (zera’) meaning “seed, semen” in v. 20 but “offspring” in v. 21.
891 tn Heb “and you shall not profane.” Regarding “profane,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.
892 tn Heb “And with a male you shall not lay [as the] lyings of a woman” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 123). The specific reference here is to homosexual intercourse between males.
893 tn The Hebrew term תּוֹעֵבָה (to’evah, rendered “detestable act”) refers to the repugnant practices of foreigners, whether from the viewpoint of other peoples toward the Hebrews (e.g., Gen 43:32; 46:34; Exod 8:26) or of the
894 tn See the note on v. 20 above.
895 tn Heb “to copulate with it” (cf. Lev 20:16).
896 tn The Hebrew term תֶּבֶל (tevel, “perversion”) derives from the verb “to mix; to confuse” and therefore refers to illegitimate mixtures of species or violation of the natural order of things.
897 tn Heb “which I am sending away (Piel participle of שָׁלַח [shalakh, “to send”]) from your faces.” The rendering here takes the participle as anticipatory of the coming conquest events.
898 tn Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative or even inferential force here.
899 tn Heb “and I have visited its [punishment for] iniquity on it.” See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
900 tn Heb “And you shall keep, you.” The latter emphatic personal pronoun “you” is left out of a few medieval Hebrew
901 tn Heb “the native and the sojourner”; NIV “The native-born and the aliens”; NAB “whether natives or resident aliens.”
902 tn Heb “for all these abominations the men of the land who were before you have done.”
903 tn Heb “And the land will not vomit you out in your defiling it.”
904 tc The MT reads the singular “nation” and is followed by ASV, NASB, NRSV; the LXX, Syriac, and Targum have the plural “nations” (cf. v. 24).
905 sn Regarding the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.
906 tn Heb “to not do from the statutes of the detestable acts.”
907 tn Heb “and you will not.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
908 tn Heb “A man his mother and his father you [plural] shall fear.” The LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and certain Targum
909 sn Regarding the difficult etymology and meaning of the term for “idols” (אֱלִילִים, ’elilim), see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 126; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 304; N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers (NBC), 89; and Judith M. Hadley, NIDOTTE 1:411. It appears to be a diminutive play on words with אֵל (’el, “god; God”) and, perhaps at the same time, recalls a common Semitic word for “worthless; weak; powerless; nothingness.” Snaith suggests a rendering of “worthless godlings.”
910 tn Heb “for your acceptance”; cf. NIV, NLT “it will be accepted on your behalf.”
911 tn Heb “from the following day” (HALOT 572 s.v. מָחֳרָת 2.b).
912 tn Heb “shall be burned with fire”; KJV “shall be burnt in the fire.” Because “to burn with fire” is redundant in contemporary English the present translation simply has “must be burned up.”
913 tn Heb “And if being eaten [infinitive absolute] it is eaten [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
914 tn Or “desecrated,” or “defiled,” or “forbidden.” For this difficult term see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:422, on Lev 7:18.
915 tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
916 sn Regarding “profaned,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.
917 tn Heb “the holiness of the
918 sn On the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.
919 tn Heb “And in your harvesting the harvest.”
920 tn Heb “you shall not complete the corner of your field to harvest.”
921 tn Heb “And you shall not deal severely with your vineyard.”
922 tn Heb “you shall not deal falsely a man with his fellow citizen.”
923 tn Heb “And you shall not swear to the falsehood.”
924 tn Heb “and you shall not profane”; NAB “thus profaning.”
925 tn Heb “You shall not oppress your neighbor and you shall not rob.”
926 tn Heb “hold back with you”; perhaps “hold back for yourself” (cf. NRSV “keep for yourself”).
927 tn Heb “You shall not curse a deaf [person] and before a blind [person] you shall not put a stumbling block.”
928 tn Heb “And you shall fear.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV) regard the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) as adversative in force here (“but”).
929 tc Smr has the singular rather than the plural “you” of the MT, which brings this verb form into line with the ones surrounding it.
930 tn Heb “You shall not do injustice in judgment” (NASB similar); cf. NIV “do not pervert justice.”
931 tn Heb “You shall not lift up faces of poor [people] and you shall not honor faces of great.”
932 tn Heb “In righteousness you shall judge your fellow citizen.”
933 tn The term רָכִיל (rakhil) is traditionally rendered “slanderer” here (so NASB, NIV, NRSV; see also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 304, 316), but the exact meaning is uncertain (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129). It is sometimes related to I רָכַל (“to go about as a trader [or “merchant”]”; BDB 940 s.v. רָכַל), and taken to refer to cutthroat business dealings, but there may be a II רָכַל, the meaning of which is dubious (HALOT 1237 s.v. II *רכל). Some would render it “to go about as a spy.”
934 tn Heb “You shall not stand on the blood of your neighbor.” This part of the verse is also difficult to interpret. The rendering here suggests that one will not allow a neighbor to be victimized, whether in court (cf. v. 15) or in any other situation (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129).
935 tn Heb “and you will not lift up on him sin.” The meaning of the line is somewhat obscure. It means either (1) that one should rebuke one’s neighbor when he sins lest one also becomes guilty, which is the way it is rendered here (see NIV, NRSV, NEB, JB; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129-30, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 303, and the discussion on pp. 316-17), or (2) one may rebuke one’s neighbor without incurring sin just as long as he does not hate him in his heart (see the first part of the verse; cf. NASB, NAB).
936 tn Heb “and you shall not retain [anger?].” This line seems to refer to the retaining or maintaining of some vengeful feelings toward someone. Compare the combination of the same terms for taking vengeance and maintaining wrath against enemies in Nahum 1:2 (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 305).
937 sn Some scholars make a distinction between the verb אָהַב (’ahav, “to love”) with the direct object and the more unusual construction with the preposition לְ (lamed) as it is here and in Lev 19:34 and 2 Chr 19:2 only. If there is a distinction, the construction here probably calls for direct and helpful action toward one’s neighbor (see the discussion in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 305, and esp. 317-18). Such love stands in contrast to taking vengeance or bearing a grudge against someone and, in NT terms, amounts to fulfilling the so-called “golden rule” (Matt 7:12).
938 tn Heb “Your animals, you shall not cross-breed two different kinds.”
939 tn Heb “you shall not cause to go up on you.”
940 sn Cf. Deut 22:11 where the Hebrew term translated “two different kinds” (כִּלְאַיִם, kil’ayim) refers to a mixture of linen and wool woven together in a garment.
941 tn Heb “And a man when he lies with a woman the lying of seed.”
942 sn That is, the woman had previously been assigned for marriage to another man but the marriage deal had not yet been consummated. In the meantime, the woman has lost her virginity and has, therefore, lost part of her value to the master in the sale to the man for whom she had been designated. Compensation was, therefore, required (see the explanation in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 130-31).
943 sn On the guilt offering see the note on Lev 5:15 above.
944 tn Heb “on his sin which he has sinned.”
945 tn Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him.”
946 tn Heb “from his sin.”
947 tn Heb “tree of food”; KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV “trees for food.”
948 tn Heb “you shall circumcise its fruit [as] its foreskin,” taking the fruit to be that which is to be removed and, therefore, forbidden. Since the fruit is uncircumcised it is forbidden (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 306, and esp. B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 131-32).
949 tn Heb “it shall be to you uncircumcised.”
950 tn See B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 132, where the translation reads “set aside for jubilation”; a special celebration before the
951 tn Heb “to add to you its produce.” The rendering here assumes that the point of this clause is simply that finally being allowed to eat the fruit in the fifth year adds the fruit of the tree to their harvest. Some take the verb to be from אָסַף (’asaf, “to gather”) rather than יָסַף (yasaf, “to add; to increase”), rendering the verse, “to gather to you the produce” (E. S. Gerstenberger, Leviticus [OTL], 260, and see the versions referenced in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 306). Others take it to mean that by following the regulations given previously they will honor the
952 tn Heb “You shall not eat on the blood.” See the extensive remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 319-20, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 132-33. The LXX has “on the mountains,” suggesting that this is a prohibition against illegitimate places and occasions of worship, not the eating of blood.
953 tn Heb “You shall not practice divination and you shall not practice soothsaying”; cf. NRSV “practice augury or witchcraft.” For suggestions regarding the practices involved see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 133, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 320.
954 tc Heb “and you [singular] shall not ruin the corner of your [singular] beard.” Smr, LXX, Syriac, and Tg. Ps.-J. have the plural pronouns (i.e., “you” and “your” plural) rather than the singular of the MT.
955 tn Heb “And slash for the soul you shall not give.” The Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh, “soul, person, life”) can sometimes refer to a “dead person” (cf. Lev 21:1, 5; 22:5). See J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 306, 320-21.
956 tn Heb “and a writing of incision you shall not give in you.”
957 tn Heb “to make her practice harlotry.” Some recent English versions regard this as religious or temple prostitution (cf. TEV, CEV).
958 tn Heb “and the land become full of lewdness.” Regarding the term “lewdness,” see the note on Lev 18:17 above.
959 sn The prohibition here concerns those who would seek special knowledge through the spirits of the dead, whether the dead in general or dead relatives in particular (i.e., familiar spirits; see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 321, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 134). Cf. Lev 20:6 below.
960 tn Heb “And when a sojourner sojourns.”
961 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
962 tn That is, liquid capacity (HALOT 640 s.v. מְשׂוּרָה). Cf. ASV, NIV, NRSV, TEV “quantity”; NAB, NASB “capacity.”
963 tn Heb “balances of righteousness,” and so throughout this sentence.
964 sn An ephah is a dry measure which measures about four gallons, or perhaps one third of a bushel, while a hin is a liquid measure of about 3.6 liters (= approximately 1 quart).
965 tn Heb “And you shall keep all my statutes and all my regulations and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 22:31).
966 tn Heb “or from the sojourner who sojourns”; NAB “an alien residing in Israel.”
967 tn Heb “his seed” (so KJV, ASV); likewise in vv. 3-4.
968 tn Regarding Molech and Molech worship see the note on Lev 18:21.
969 tn This is not the most frequently-used Hebrew verb for stoning (see instead סָקַל, saqal), but a word that refers to the action of throwing, slinging, or pelting someone with stones (רָגָם, ragam; see HALOT 1187 s.v. רגם qal.a, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 136).
970 tn Heb “And I, I shall give my faces.”
971 sn On the “cut off” penalty see the notes on Lev 7:20 and 17:4.
972 tn Heb “for the sake of defiling my sanctuary and to profane my holy name.”
973 tn Heb “And if shutting [infinitive absolute] they shut [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
974 tn Heb “from that man” (so ASV); NASB “disregard that man.”
975 tn The adjective “spiritual” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that this is not a reference to literal prostitution, but figuratively compares idolatry to prostitution.
976 tn Heb “to commit harlotry after Molech.” The translation employs “worshiping” here for clarity (cf. NAB, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT). On the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.
977 sn For structure and coherence in Lev 20:6-27 see the note on v. 27 below.
978 tn See the note on the phrase “familiar spirits” in Lev 19:31 above.
979 tn Heb “I will give my faces.”
980 tn Heb “And you shall keep my statutes and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 22:31, etc.).
981 sn Compare the regulations in Lev 18:6-23.
982 tn Heb “If a man a man who.”
983 tn Heb “makes light of his father and his mother.” Almost all English versions render this as some variation of “curses his father or mother.”
984 tn Heb “his blood [plural] is in him.” Cf. NAB “he has forfeited his life”; TEV “is responsible for his own death.”
sn The rendering “blood guilt” refers to the fact that the shedding of blood brings guilt on those who shed it illegitimately (even the blood of animals shed illegitimately, Lev 17:4; cf. the background of Gen 4:10-11). If the community performs a legitimate execution, however, the blood guilt rests on the person who has been legitimately executed (see the remarks and literature cited in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 328).
985 tn Heb “And a man who.” The syntax here and at the beginning of the following verses elliptically mirrors that of v. 9, which justifies the rendering as a conditional clause.
986 tc The reading of the LXX minuscule
987 sn See the note on Lev 18:7 above.
988 tn See the note on v. 9 above.
989 tn The Hebrew term תֶּבֶל (tevel, “perversion”) derives from the verb “to mix; to confuse” (cf. KJV, ASV “they have wrought confusion”).
990 tn Heb “[as the] lyings of a woman.” The specific reference here is to homosexual intercourse between males.
991 tn Heb “And a man who takes a woman and her mother.” The Hebrew verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse.”
992 tn Regarding “lewdness,” see the note on Lev 18:17 above.
993 tn Heb “in fire they shall burn him and them.” The active plural verb sometimes requires a passive translation (GKC 460 §144.f, g), esp. when no active plural subject has been expressed in the context. The present translation specifies “burned to death” because the traditional rendering “burnt with fire” (KJV, ASV; NASB “burned with fire”) could be understood to mean “branded” or otherwise burned, but not fatally.
994 tn See the note on Lev 18:20 above.
995 tn Heb “to copulate with it” (cf. Lev 20:16).
996 tn Heb “takes.” The verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse,” though some English versions translate it as “marry” (e.g., NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV).
997 tn Regarding the “cut off” penalty, see the note on Lev 7:20.
998 tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
999 tn Heb “and the two of them.”
1000 tn Heb “his flesh.”
1001 tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.
1002 tn Heb “takes.” The verb “to take” in this context means “to engage in sexual intercourse.”
1003 sn See the note on Lev 18:7 above.
1004 tn Heb “And you shall keep all my statutes and all my regulations and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 22:31, etc.).
1005 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1006 tc One medieval Hebrew
1007 tc Here and with the same phrase in v. 26, the LXX adds “all,” resulting in the reading “all the peoples.”
1008 tn Heb “And you shall distinguish.” The verb is the same as “set apart” at the end of the previous verse. The fact that God had “set them apart” from the other peoples roundabout them called for them to “distinguish between” the clean and the unclean, etc.
1009 tn The word “creatures” has been supplied in the translation to make it clear that the following relative clause modifies the animal, bird, or creeping thing mentioned earlier, and not the ground itself.
1010 tc The MT has “to defile,” but Smr, LXX, and Syriac have “to uncleanness.”
1011 tc Smr, LXX, Syriac, and some Targum
1012 tn See the note on the phrase “familiar spirit” in Lev 19:31 above.
1013 tn This is not the most frequently-used Hebrew verb for stoning, but a word that refers to the action of throwing, slinging, or pelting someone with stones (see the note on v. 2 above). Smr and LXX have “you [plural] shall pelt them with stones.”
sn At first glance Lev 20:27 appears to be out of place but, on closer examination, one could argue that it constitutes the back side of an envelope around the case laws in 20:9-21, with Lev 20:6 forming the front of the envelope (note also that execution of mediums and spiritists by stoning in v. 27 is not explicitly stated in v. 6). This creates a chiastic structure: prohibition against mediums and spiritists (vv. 6 and 27), variations of the holiness formula (vv. 7 and 25-26), and exhortations to obey the
1014 tn The Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh, “soul, person, life”) can sometimes refer to a “dead person” (cf. Lev 19:28 above and the literature cited there).
1015 tn Heb “no one,” but “priest” has been used in the translation to clarify that these restrictions are limited to the priests, not to the Israelites in general (note the introductory formula, “say to the priests, the sons of Aaron”).
1016 tc The MT has “in his peoples,” but Smr, LXX, Syriac, Targum, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “in his people,” referring to the Israelites as a whole.
1017 tn Heb “except for his flesh, the one near to him.”
1018 tn Cf. v. 2a.
1019 tn Heb “He shall not defile himself a husband in his peoples, to profane himself.” The meaning of the line is disputed, but it appears to prohibit a priest from burying any relative by marriage (as opposed to the blood relatives of vv. 2-3), including his wife (compare B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 142-43 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 343, 348).
1020 tn Heb “they”; the referent (priests, see the beginning of v. 1) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1021 tn Heb “and in their body they shall not [cut] slash[es]” (cf. Lev 19:28). The context connects these sorts of mutilations with mourning rites (cf. Lev 19:27-28 above).
1022 sn Regarding “profane,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.
1023 sn Regarding the Hebrew term for “gifts,” see the note on Lev 1:9 above (cf. also 3:11 and 16 in combination with the word for “food” that follows in the next phrase here).
1024 tc Smr and all early versions have the plural adjective “holy” rather than the MT singular noun “holiness.”
1025 tn Heb “A wife harlot and profaned they shall not take.” The structure of the verse (e.g., “wife” at the beginning of the two main clauses) suggests that “harlot and profaned” constitutes a hendiadys, meaning “a wife defiled by harlotry” (see the explanation in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 143, as opposed to that in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 343, 348; cf. v. 14 below). Cf. NASB “a woman who is profaned by harlotry.”
1026 sn For a helpful discussion of divorce in general and as it relates to this passage see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 143-44.
1027 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1028 tn The pronoun “he” in this clause refers to the priest, not the former husband of the divorced woman.
1029 tn The three previous second person references in this verse are all singular, but this reference is plural. By adding “all” this grammatical distinction is preserved in the translation.
1030 tn See the note on “burned to death” in 20:14.
1031 tn The adjective “high” has been supplied in the translation for clarity, as in many English versions.
1032 tn Heb “and he has filled his hand.” For this expression see the note on Lev 8:33.
1033 tn Regarding these signs of mourning see the note on Lev 10:6. His head had been anointed (v. 10a) so it must not be unkempt (v. 10b), and his garments were special priestly garments (v. 10a) so he must not tear them (v. 10b). In the translation “garments” has been employed rather than “clothes” to suggest that the special priestly garments are referred to here; cf. NRSV “nor tear his vestments.”
1034 tc Although the MT has “persons” (plural), the LXX and Syriac have the singular “person” corresponding to the singular adjectival participle “dead” (cf. also Num 6:6).
1035 sn Regarding “profane,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.
1036 tn Heb “And he, a wife in her virginity he shall take.”
1037 tn Heb “take.” In context this means “take as wife,” i.e., “marry.”
1038 tc The MT has literally, “from his peoples,” but Smr, LXX, Syriac, Targum, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “from his people,” referring to the Israelites as a whole.
1039 tc The MT has literally, “in his peoples,” but Smr, LXX, Syriac, Targum, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “in his people,” referring to the Israelites as a whole.
1040 tn Heb “to their generations.”
1041 tn Heb “who in him is a flaw”; cf. KJV, ASV “any blemish”; NASB, NIV “a defect.” The rendering “physical flaw” is used to refer to any birth defect or physical injury of the kind described in the following verses (cf. the same Hebrew word also in Lev 24:19-20). The same term is used for “flawed” animals, which must not be offered to the
1042 tn The particle כִּי (ki) in this context is asseverative, indicating absolutely certainty (GKC 498 §159.ee).
1043 tn Lexically, the Hebrew term חָרֻם (kharum) seems to refer to a split nose or perhaps any number of other facial defects (HALOT 354 s.v. II חרם qal; cf. G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 292, n. 7); cf. KJV, ASV “a flat nose”; NASB “a disfigured face.” The NJPS translation is “a limb too short” as a balance to the following term which means “extended, raised,” and apparently refers to “a limb too long” (see the explanation in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 146).
1044 tn Heb “who there is in him a broken leg or a broken arm,” or perhaps “broken foot or broken hand.” The Hebrew term רֶגֶל (regel) is commonly rendered “foot,” but it can also refer to the “leg,” and the Hebrew יָד (yad) is most often translated “hand,” but can also refer to the “[fore]arm” (as opposed to כַּף, kaf, “palm of the hand” or “hand”). See HALOT 386 s.v. יָד and 1184 s.v. רֶגֶל respectively (cf. the NJPS translation). In this context, these terms probably apply to any part of the limb that was broken, including hand and the foot. B. A. Levine (Leviticus [JPSTC], 146) points out that such injuries often did not heal properly in antiquity because they were not properly set and, therefore, remained a “physical flaw” permanently.
1045 tn Heb “thin”; cf. NAB “weakly.” This could refer to either an exceptionally small (i.e., dwarfed) man (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 146) or perhaps one with a “withered limb” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 342, 344).
1046 tn The term rendered “spot” derives from a root meaning “mixed” or “confused” (cf. NAB “walleyed”). It apparently refers to any kind of marked flaw in the eye that can be seen by others. Smr, Syriac, Tg. Onq., and Tg. Ps.-J. have plural “his eyes.”
1047 tn The exact meaning and medical reference of the terms rendered “festering eruption” and “feverish rash” is unknown, but see the translations and remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 146; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 342, 344, 349-50; and R. K. Harrison, NIDOTTE 1:890 and 2:461.
1048 tn Or “shall approach” (see HALOT 670 s.v. נגשׁ).
1049 sn See the note on Lev 16:2 for the rendering “veil-canopy.”
1050 tn Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1051 tn Heb “And.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) introduces a concluding statement for all the preceding material.
1052 tn The words “these things” are not in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied in the translation for clarity.
1053 tn Heb “holy things,” which means the “holy offerings” in this context, as the following verses show. The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1054 tn Heb “from the holy things of the sons of Israel, and they shall not profane my holy name, which they are consecrating to me.” The latter (relative) clause applies to the “the holy things of the sons of Israel” (the first clause), not the
1055 tn Heb “To your generations.”
1056 tn The Piel (v. 2) and Hiphil (v. 3) forms of the verb קָדַשׁ (qadash) appear to be interchangeable in this context. Both mean “to consecrate” (Heb “make holy [or “sacred”]”).
1057 tn Heb “and his impurity [is] on him”; NIV “is ceremonially unclean”; NAB, NRSV “while he is in a state of uncleanness.”
1058 sn Regarding the “cut off” penalty, see the note on Lev 7:20. Cf. the interpretive translation of TEV “he can never again serve at the altar.”
1059 tn Heb “Man man.” The reduplication is a way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 15:2; 17:3, etc.), but with a negative command it means “No man” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 147).
1060 sn The diseases and discharges mentioned here are those described in Lev 13-15.
1061 tn Heb “And the one.”
1062 tn Heb “in all unclean of a person/soul”; for the Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh) meaning “a [dead] person,” see the note on Lev 19:28.
1063 tn Heb “or a man who goes out from him a lying of seed.”
1064 tn Heb “which there shall be uncleanness to him.”
1065 tn The Hebrew term for “person” here is אָדָם (adam, “human being”), which could either a male or a female person.
1066 tn Heb “to all his impurity.” The phrase refers to the impurity of the person whom the man touches to become unclean (see the previous clause). To clarify this, the translation uses “that person’s” rather than “his.”
1067 sn The phrase “any of these” refers back to the unclean things touched in vv. 4b-5.
1068 tn Heb “a carcass,” referring to the carcass of an animal that has died on its own, not the carcass of an animal slaughtered for sacrifice or killed by wild beasts. This has been clarified in the translation by supplying the phrase “of natural causes”; cf. NAB “that has died of itself”; TEV “that has died a natural death.”
1069 tn Heb “and they will not lift up on it sin.” The pronoun “it” (masculine) apparently refers to any item of food that belongs to the category of “holy offerings” (see above).
1070 tn Heb “and die in it.”
1071 tn Heb “No stranger” (so KJV, ASV), which refers here to anyone other than the Aaronic priests. Some English versions reverse the negation and state positively: NIV “No one outside a priest’s family”; NRSV “Only a member of a priestly family”; CEV “Only you priests and your families.”
1072 tn Heb “A resident [תּוֹשָׁב (toshav) from יָשַׁב (yashav, “to dwell, to reside”)] of a priest.” The meaning of the term is uncertain. It could refer to a “guest” (NIV) or perhaps “bound servant” (NRSV; see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 149). In the translation “lodger” was used instead of “boarder” precisely because a boarder would be provided meals with his lodging, the very issue at stake here.
1073 tn Heb “and a priest, if he buys a person, the property of his silver.”
1074 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the person whom the priest has purchased) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1075 tn Heb “eat it”; the referent (the holy offerings) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1076 tn Heb “his”; the referent (the priest) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1077 tn Heb “and the [slave] born of his house, they shall eat in his food.” The LXX, Syriac, Tg. Onq., Tg. Ps.-J., and some
1078 tn Heb “And a daughter of a priest, if she is to a man, a stranger” (cf. the note on v. 10 above).
1079 tn Heb “she in the contribution of the holy offerings shall not eat.” For “contribution [offering]” see the note on Lev 7:14 and the literature cited there. Cf. NCV “the holy offerings”; TEV, NLT “the sacred offerings.”
1080 tn Heb “to”; the words “live in” have been supplied in the translation for clarity.
1081 tn Heb “and seed there is not to her and she returns to the house of her father as her youth.” The mention of having “no children” appears to imply that her children, if she had any, should support her; this is made explicit by NLT’s “and has no children to support her.”
1082 tn Heb “And a man, if he eats a holy thing in error” (see the Lev 4:2 not on “straying,” which is the term rendered “by mistake” here).
1083 sn When a person trespassed in regard to something sacred to the
1084 tn Contextually, “They” could refer either to the people (v. 14a; cf. NRSV “No one”) or the priests (v. 14b; cf. NIV “The priests”), but the latter seems more likely (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 356, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 150). The priests were responsible to see that the portions of the offerings that were to be consumed by the priests as prebends did not become accessible to the people. Mistakes in this matter (cf. v. 14) would bring “guilt” on the people, requiring punishment (v. 16).
1085 tn The Hebrew verb הֵרִים (herim, rendered “contribute” here) is commonly used for setting aside portions of an offering (see, e.g., Lev 4:8-10 and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 4:335-36).
1086 tn Heb “the holy offerings of the sons of Israel which they contribute to the
1087 tn Heb “iniquity of guilt”; NASB “cause them to bear punishment for guilt.” The Hebrew word עָוֹן (’avon, “iniquity”) can designate either acts of iniquity or the penalty (i.e., punishment) for such acts.
1088 sn That is, when the lay people eat portions of offerings that should have been eaten only by priests and those who belonged to priestly households.
1089 tn Heb “Man, man.” The reduplication is a way of saying “any man” (cf. Lev 15:2; 17:3, etc.; see the distributive repetition of the noun in GKC 395-96 §123.c).
1090 tn Heb “and from the foreigner [singular] in Israel.” Some medieval Hebrew
1091 tn Heb “for your acceptance.” See Lev 1:3-4 above and the notes there.
1092 tn Heb “all which in it [is] a flaw.” Note that the same term is used for physical flaws of people in Lev 21:17-24. Cf. KJV, ASV, NRSV “blemish”; NASB, NIV, TEV “defect”; NLT “with physical defects.”
1093 tn Heb “not for acceptance shall it be for you”; NIV “it will not be accepted on your behalf” (NRSV and NLT both similar).
1094 tn The meaning of the expression לְפַלֵּא־נֶדֶר (lÿfalle’-neder) rendered here “for a special votive offering” is much debated. Some take it as an expression for fulfilling a vow, “to fulfill a vow” (e.g., HALOT 927-28 s.v. פלא piel and NASB; cf. NAB, NRSV “in fulfillment of a vow”) or, alternatively, “to make a vow” or “for making a vow” (HALOT 928 s.v. פלא piel [II פלא]). Perhaps it refers to the making a special vow, from the verb פָלַא (pala’, “to be wonderful, to be remarkable”); cf. J. Milgrom, Numbers (JPSTC), 44. B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 151 and 193, suggests that this is a special term for “setting aside a votive offering” (related to פָלָה [palah, “to set aside”]). In general, the point of the expression seems to be that this sacrifice arises as a special gift to God out of special circumstances in the life of the worshiper.
1095 tn Heb “for acceptance”; NAB “if it is to find acceptance.”
1096 tn Heb “all/any flaw shall not be in it.”
1097 tn Or perhaps “a wart” (cf. NIV; HALOT 383 s.v. יַבֶּלֶת, but see the remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 358).
1098 sn See the note on Lev 21:20 above.
1099 sn This term for offering “gift” is explained in the note on Lev 1:9.
1100 tn Heb “And an ox.”
1101 tn Heb “and stunted” (see HALOT 1102 s.v. I קלט).
1102 sn The freewill offering was voluntary, so the regulations regarding it were more relaxed. Once a vow was made, the paying of it was not voluntary (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 151-52, for very helpful remarks on this verse).
1103 sn Compare Lev 21:20b.
1104 tn Heb “And from the hand of a son of a foreigner.”
1105 tn Heb “for their being ruined [is] in them, flaw is in them”; NRSV “are mutilated, with a blemish in them”; NIV “are deformed and have defects.” The MT term מָשְׁחָתָם (moshkhatam, “their being ruined”) is a Muqtal form (= Hophal participle) from שָׁחַת (shakhat, “to ruin”). Smr has plural בהם משׁחתים (“deformities in them”; cf. the LXX translation). The Qumran Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev) has תימ הם[…], in which case the restored participle would appear to be the same as Smr, but there is no בְּ (bet) preposition before the pronoun, yielding “they are deformed” (see D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, 41 and the remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 358).
1106 tn The words “the care of” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied. Although many modern English versions render “with its mother” (e.g., NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT), the literal phrase “under its mother” refers to the young animal nursing from its mother. Cf. KJV, ASV “it shall be seven days under the dam,” which would probably be misunderstood.
1107 tn Heb “for an offering of a gift.”
1108 tn Heb “And an ox or a sheep, it and its son, you shall not slaughter.”
1109 tn Heb “in one day.”
1110 tn Heb “for your acceptance” (see the notes on Lev 1:3-4 and 22:19 above).
1111 tn Heb “On that day”; NIV, NCV “that same day.”
1112 tn Heb “from it.”
1113 tn Heb “And you shall keep my commandments and you shall do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 20:8, etc.).
1114 tn Heb “to be to you for God.”
1115 tn Heb “these are them, my appointed times.”
sn The term מוֹעֵד (mo’ed, rendered “appointed time” here) can refer to either a time or place of meeting. See the note on “tent of meeting” (אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, ’ohel mo’ed) in Lev 1:1.
1116 tn This is a superlative expression, emphasizing the full and all inclusive rest of the Sabbath and certain festival times throughout the chapter (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 155). Cf. ASV “a sabbath of solemn rest.”
1117 tn Heb “between the two evenings,” perhaps designating the time between the setting of the sun and the true darkness of night. Cf. KJV, ASV “at even”; NAB “at the evening twilight.”
sn See B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 156, for a full discussion of the issues raised in this verse. The rabbinic tradition places the slaughter of Passover offerings between approximately 3:00
1118 tn Heb “to this month.”
1119 tn Heb “work of service”; KJV “servile work”; NASB “laborious work”; TEV “daily work.”
1120 tn Heb “and you harvest its harvest.”
1121 tn Heb “the sheaf of the first of your harvest.”
1122 tn Heb “for your acceptance.”
1123 sn See Lev 7:30 for a note on the “waving” of a “wave offering.”
1124 tn Heb “And you shall make in the day of your waving the sheaf.”
1125 tn Heb “a flawless lamb, a son of its year”; KJV “of the first year”; NLT “a year-old male lamb.”
1126 sn See the note on Lev 5:11.
1127 sn See the note on Lev 2:1.
1128 sn See the note on Lev 1:9.
1129 tn Heb “wine, one fourth of the hin.” A pre-exilic hin is about 3.6 liters (= ca. 1 quart), so one fourth of a hin would be about one cup.
1130 tn Heb “until the bone of this day.”
1131 tn Heb “for your generations.”
1132 tn Heb “seven Sabbaths, they shall be complete.” The disjunctive accent under “Sabbaths” precludes the translation “seven complete Sabbaths” (as NASB, NIV; cf. NAB, NRSV, NLT). The text is somewhat awkward, which may explain why the LXX tradition is confused here, either adding “you shall count” again at the end of the verse, or leaving out “they shall be,” or keeping “they shall be” and adding “to you.”
1133 tn Heb “and.” In the translation “then” is supplied to clarify the sequence.
1134 tc Smr, LXX, Syriac, Tg. Onq., and Tg. Ps.-J. insert the word חַלּוֹת (khallot, “loaves”; cf. Lev 2:4 and the note there). Even though “loaves” is not explicit in the MT, the number “two” suggests that these are discrete units, not just a measure of flour, so “loaves” should be assumed even in the MT.
1135 tn Heb “with leaven.” The noun “leaven” is traditional in English versions (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV), but “yeast” is more commonly used today.
1136 tn Heb “And you shall present on the bread.”
1137 tn Heb “seven flawless lambs, sons of a year.”
1138 tn Heb “and one bull, a son of a herd.”
1139 tc Smr and LXX add “flawless.”
1140 tn Heb “and their grain offering.”
1141 sn See the note on Lev 1:9.
1142 tn Heb “And you shall make.”
1143 tn Heb “a he-goat of goats.”
1144 tn Smr and LXX have the Hebrew article on “lambs.” The syntax of this verse is difficult. The object of the verb (two lambs) is far removed from the verb itself (shall wave) in the MT, and the preposition עַל (’al, “upon”), rendered “along with” in this verse, is also added to the far removed subject (literally, “upon [the] two lambs”; see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 159). It is clear, however, that the two lambs and the loaves (along with their associated grain and drink offerings) constituted the “wave offering,” which served as the prebend “for the priest.” Burnt and sin offerings (vv. 18-19a) were not included in this (see Lev 7:11-14, 28-36).
1145 tn Heb “And you shall proclaim [an assembly] in the bone of this day; a holy assembly it shall be to you” (see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 160, and the remarks on the LXX rendering in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 367).
1146 tn Heb “for your generations.”
1147 tn Heb “And when you harvest the harvest.”
1148 tn Heb “you shall not complete the corner of your field in your harvest.”
1149 sn Compare Lev 19:9-10.
1150 tn Heb “a memorial of loud blasts.” Although the term for “horn” does not occur here, allowing for the possibility that vocal “shouts” of acclamation are envisioned (see P. J. Budd, Leviticus [NCBC], 325), the “blast” of the shofar (a trumpet made from a ram’s “horn”) is most likely what is intended. On this occasion, the loud blasts on the horn announced the coming of the new year on the first day of the seventh month (see the explanations in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 387, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 160).
1151 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have adversative force here (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV).
1152 tn Heb “Surely the tenth day” or perhaps “Precisely the tenth day.” The Hebrew adverbial particle אַךְ (’akh) is left untranslated by most recent English versions; cf. however NASB “On exactly the tenth day.”
1153 sn See the description of this day and its regulations in Lev 16 and the notes there.
1154 tn Heb “you shall humble your souls.” See the note on Lev 16:29 above.
1155 tn Heb “in the bone of this day.”
1156 tn Heb “on you [plural]”; cf. NASB, NRSV “on your behalf.”
1157 tn The particular כִּי (ki) is taken in an asseverative sense here (“Indeed,” see the NJPS translation).
1158 tn Heb “it [i.e., that person; literally “soul,” feminine] shall be cut off from its peoples [plural]”; NLT “from the community.”
1159 tn Heb “And any person.”
1160 tn See HALOT 3 s.v. I אבד hif. Cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “destroy”; CEV “wipe out.”
1161 tn Heb “its people” (“its” is feminine to agree with “person,” literally “soul,” which is feminine in Hebrew; cf. v. 29).
1162 tn Heb “for your generations.”
1163 tn Heb “you shall rest your Sabbath.”
1164 tn The rendering “booths” (cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV) is probably better than the traditional “tabernacles” in light of the meaning of the term סֻכָּה (sukkah, “hut, booth”), but “booths” are frequently associated with trade shows and craft fairs in contemporary American English. The nature of the celebration during this feast (see the following verses) as a commemoration of the wanderings of the Israelites after they left Egypt suggests that a translation like “temporary shelters” is more appropriate.
1165 tn Heb “work of service”; KJV “servile work”; NASB “laborious work”; TEV “daily work.”
1166 tn The Hebrew term עֲצֶרֶת (’atseret) “solemn assembly [day]” derives from a root associated with restraint or closure. It could refer either to the last day as “closing assembly” day of the festival (e.g., NIV) or a special day of restraint expressed in a “solemn assembly” (e.g., NRSV); cf. NLT “a solemn closing assembly.”
1167 tn The LXX has “[their] burnt offerings, and their sacrifices, and their drink offerings.”
1168 tn Heb “a matter of a day in its day”; NAB “as prescribed for each day”; NRSV, NLT “each on its proper day.”
1169 tn Heb “from to separation.” See BDB 94 s.v. בַּד 1.e for an explanation of this phrase. This phrase is repeated in front of each of the four items in this verse in the Hebrew text, but these have not been translated into English for stylistic reasons. Cf. KJV, NASB “besides”; NRSV “apart from.”
1170 tn Heb “Surely on the fifteenth day.” The Hebrew adverbial particle אַךְ (’akh) is left untranslated by most recent English versions; however, cf. NASB “On exactly the fifteenth day.”
1171 tn Heb “fruit of majestic trees,” but the following terms and verses define what is meant by this expression. For extensive remarks on the celebration of this festival in history and tradition see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 163; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 389-90; and P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 328-29.
1172 tn Heb “for your generations.”
1173 tn Heb “in the huts” (again at the end of this verse and in v. 43), perhaps referring to temporary shelters (i.e., huts) made of the foliage referred to in v. 40 (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 389).
1174 sn E. S. Gerstenberger (Leviticus [OTL], 352) takes v. 44 to be an introduction to another set of festival regulations, perhaps something like those found in Exod 23:14-17. For others this verse reemphasizes the Mosaic authority of the preceding festival regulations (e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 390).
1175 tn Heb “and let them take.” The simple vav (ו) on the imperfect/jussive form of the verb לָקַח (laqakh, “to take”) following the imperative (“Command”) indicates a purpose clause (“to bring…”).
1176 tn Heb “to cause to ascend a lamp continually.”
1177 tn The Hebrew term פָּרֹכֶת (parokhet) is usually translated “veil” or “curtain,” but it seems to have stretched not only in front of but also over the top of the ark of the covenant which stood behind and under it inside the most holy place (see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 3:687-89).
1178 tc Several medieval Hebrew
1179 tn Heb “for your generations.”
1180 tn Alternatively, “pure [gold] lampstand,” based on Exod 25:31, etc., where the term for “gold” actually appears (see NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT, and the remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 395, etc.). However, in Lev 24:4 the adjective “pure” is feminine, corresponding to “lampstand,” not an assumed noun “gold” (contrast Exod 25:31), and the “table” in v. 6 was overlaid with gold, but was not made of pure gold. Therefore, it is probably better to translate “[ceremonially] pure lampstand” (v. 4) and “[ceremonially] pure table” (v. 6); see NEB; cf. KJV, ASV; B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 164-65; and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 307.
1181 sn See the note on Lev 2:1.
1182 tn Heb “and bake it twelve loaves”; KJV, NAB, NASB “cakes.”
1183 tn The words “of flour” are supplied in the translation for clarity.
sn See the note on Lev 5:11.
1184 tn Heb “six of the row.”
1185 tn This is not just any “incense” (קְטֹרֶת, qÿtoret; R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 3:913-16), but specifically “frankincense” (לְבֹנָה, lÿvonah; R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:756-57).
1186 tn Heb “on [עַל, ’al] the row,” probably used distributively, “on each row” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 395-96). Perhaps the frankincense was placed “with” or “along side of” each row, not actually on the bread itself, and was actually burned as incense to the
1187 sn The “memorial portion” (אַזְכָרָה, ’azkharah) was normally the part of the grain offering that was burnt on the altar (see Lev 2:2 and the notes there), as opposed to the remainder, which was normally consumed by the priests (Lev 2:3; see the full regulations in Lev 6:14-23 [6:7-16 HT]).
1188 sn See the note on Lev 1:9 regarding the term “gift.”
1189 tn Heb “In the day of the Sabbath, in the day of the Sabbath.” The repetition is distributive. A few medieval Hebrew
1190 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Aaron) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1191 tn The word “portion” is supplied in the translation here for clarity, to specify what “this” refers to.
1192 tn Or “a perpetual regulation”; NRSV “a perpetual due.”
1193 tn Heb “And.”
1194 tn Heb “the Israelite man,” but Smr has no article, and the point is that there was a conflict between the man of mixed background and a man of full Israelite descent.
1195 tn The verb rendered “misused” means literally “to bore through, to pierce” (HALOT 719 s.v. נקב qal); it is from נָקַב (naqav), not קָבַב (qavav; see the participial form in v. 16a). Its exact meaning here is uncertain. The two verbs together may form a hendiadys, “he pronounced by cursing blasphemously” (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 166), the idea being one of the following: (1) he pronounced the name “Yahweh” in a way or with words that amounted to “some sort of verbal aggression against Yahweh himself” (E. S. Gerstenberger, Leviticus [OTL], 362), (2) he pronounced a curse against the man using the name “Yahweh” (N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers [NCBC], 110; G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 311), or (3) he pronounced the name “Yahweh” and thereby blasphemed, since the “Name” was never to be pronounced (a standard Jewish explanation). In one way or another, the offense surely violated Exod 20:7, one of the ten commandments, and the same verb for cursing is used explicitly in Exod 22:28 (27 HT) prohibition against “cursing” God. For a full discussion of these and related options for interpreting this verse see P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 335-36; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 408-9; and Levine, 166.
1196 tn The words “until they were able” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
1197 tn The Hebrew here is awkward. A literal reading would be something like the following: “And they placed him in custody to give a clear decision [HALOT 976 s.v. פרשׁ qal] for themselves on the mouth of the
1198 tn The words “to death” are supplied in the translation as a clarification; they are clearly implied from v. 16.
1199 tn Heb “And.”
1200 sn See the note on v. 11 above and esp. Exod 22:28 [27 HT].
1201 sn See the note on v. 11 above.
1202 tn Heb “And if a man strikes any soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] of mankind.” The idiom seems to derive from the idea of striking a fatal blow to the very “life” (literally, “soul”) of a human being, not just landing a blow on their body (HALOT 698 s.v. נכה hif.2). On the difficult of the meaning and significance of the term נֶפֶשׁ see the notes on Lev 17:10-11.
1203 tn Heb “And one who strikes a soul of an animal.”
1204 tn Heb “soul under soul.” Cf. KJV “beast for beast”; NCV “must give…another animal to take its place.”
1205 tn Heb “gives a flaw in”; KJV, ASV “cause a blemish in.”
1206 tn Or “neighbor” (so NAB, NASB, NIV); TEV, NLT “another person.”
1207 tn Heb “in the man [אָדָם, ’adam].”
1208 tn Heb “just as he inflicts an injury…it must be inflicted on him.” The referent (“that same injury”) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1209 sn See the note on v. 18 above.
1210 tn Heb “and,” but here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) is adversative, contrasting the consequences of beating an animal to death with those of beating a person to death.
1211 tn Heb “a regulation of one”; KJV, ASV “one manner of law”; NASB “one standard.”
1212 tn Heb “the land shall rest a Sabbath.”
1213 tn Heb “its produce,” but the feminine pronoun “its” probably refers to the “land” (a feminine noun in Hebrew; cf. v. 2), not the “field” or the “vineyard,” both of which are normally masculine nouns (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 170).
1214 tn Heb “and in the seventh year a Sabbath of complete rest shall be to the land.” The expression “a Sabbath of complete rest” is superlative, emphasizing the full and all inclusive rest of the seventh year of the sabbatical cycle. Cf. ASV “a sabbath of solemn rest”; NAB “a complete rest.”
1215 tn Heb “and.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has an alternative sense (“or”).
1216 tn Heb “consecrated, devoted, forbidden” (נָזִיר, nazir). The same term is used for the “consecration” of the “Nazirite” (and his hair, Num 6:2, 18, etc.), a designation which, in turn, derives from the very same root.
1217 tn The word “produce” is not in the Hebrew text but is implied; cf. NASB “the sabbath products.”
1218 tn A “resident who stays” would be a foreign person who was probably residing as another kind of laborer in the household of a landowner (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 170-71). See v. 35 below.
1219 tn The words “for you” are implied.
1220 tn Heb “And you shall count off for yourself.”
1221 tn Heb “seven years seven times.”
1222 tn Heb “and they shall be for you, the days of the seven Sabbaths of years, forty-nine years.”
1223 sn On the “loud horn blasts” see the note on Lev 23:24, but unlike the language there, the Hebrew term for “horn” (שׁוֹפָר, shofar) actually appears here in this verse (twice).
1224 tn Heb “the year of the fifty years,” or perhaps “the year, fifty years” (GKC 435 §134.o, note 2).
1225 tn Cf. KJV, ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV “liberty”; TEV, CEV “freedom.” The characteristics of this “release” are detailed in the following verses. For substantial summaries and bibliography on the biblical and ancient Near Eastern material regarding such a “release” see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 427-34, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 270-74.
1226 tn Heb “A jubilee that shall be to you.” Although there has been some significant debate about the original meaning of the Hebrew word translated “jubilee” (יוֹבֵל, yovel; see the summary in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 434), the term most likely means “ram” and can refer also to a “ram’s horn.” The fiftieth year would, therefore, be called the “jubilee” because of the associated sounding of the “ram’s horn” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 172, and the literature cited there).
1227 tn Heb “you [plural] shall return, a man.”
1228 tn Heb “you shall not sow and you shall not…and you shall not….”
sn See v. 5 above and the notes there.
1229 tn That is, the produce of the land (fem.; cf. v. 7 above).
1230 tn Heb “you [plural] shall return, a man.”
1231 tn Heb “sell a sale.”
1232 tn Or “to one of your countrymen” (NIV); NASB “to your friend.”
1233 tn The Hebrew infinitive absolute קָנֹה (qanoh, “buying”) substitutes for the finite verb here in sequence with the previous finite verb “sell” at the beginning of the verse (see GKC 345 §113.z).
1234 tn Heb “do not oppress a man his brother.” Here “brother” does not refer only to a sibling, but to a fellow Israelite.
1235 tn Heb “in the number of years after.”
1236 tn The words “that are left” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
sn The purchaser is actually buying only the crops that the land will produce until the next jubilee, since the land will revert to the original owner at that time. The purchaser, therefore, is not actually buying the land itself.
1237 tn Heb “To the mouth of the many years.”
1238 tn Heb “to the mouth of the few years.”
1239 tn Heb “a number of produce”; the words “years of” are implied. As an alternative this could be translated “a number of harvests” (cf. NRSV, NLT).
1240 tn Heb “And you shall not oppress a man his fellow citizen.”
1241 tn Heb “And you shall keep and do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 20:8, etc.).
1242 tn Heb “and you shall dwell on the land to security.”
1243 tn Heb “eat to satisfaction”; KJV, ASV “ye shall eat your fill.”
1244 tn Heb “and it [i.e., the land] shall make the produce.” The Hebrew term וְעָשָׂת (vÿ’asat, “and it shall make”) is probably an older third feminine singular form of the verb (GKC 210 §75.m). Smr has the normal form.
1245 tn Smr and LXX have “its produce” (cf. 25:3, 7, etc.) rather than “the produce.”
1246 tn Heb “the produce,” referring to “the produce” of the sixth year of v. 21. The words “sixth year” are supplied for clarity.
1247 tn Heb “until the ninth year, until bringing [in] its produce.”
1248 tn The term rendered “without reclaim” means that the land has been bought for the full price and is, therefore, not subject to reclaim under any circumstances. This was not to be done with land in ancient Israel (contrast the final full sale of houses in v. 30; see the evidence cited in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 174).
1249 tn That is, the Israelites were strangers and residents who were attached to the
1250 tn Heb “And in all the land of your property.”
1251 tn Heb “right of redemption you shall give to the land”; NAB “you must permit the land to be redeemed.”
1252 tn Heb “the sale of his brother.”
1253 tn Heb “and his hand reaches.”
1254 tn Heb “and he finds as sufficiency of its redemption.”
1255 tn Heb “and he shall calculate its years of sale.”
1256 tn Heb “and return the excess.”
1257 tn Heb “And if his hand has not found sufficiency of returning.” Although some versions take this to mean that he has not made enough to regain the land (e.g., NASB, NRSV; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 176), the combination of terms in Hebrew corresponds to the portion of v. 27 that refers specifically to refunding the money (cf. v. 27; see NIV and G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 315).
1258 tn Heb “his sale.”
1259 tn Heb “will be in the hand of.” This refers to the temporary control of the one who purchased its produce until the next year of jubilee, at which time it would revert to the original owner.
1260 tn Heb “it shall go out” (so KJV, ASV; see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 176).
1261 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the original owner of the land) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1262 tn Heb “a house of a residence of a walled city.”
1263 tn Heb “shall be.”
1264 tn Heb “of its sale.”
1265 tn Heb “days its right of redemption shall be” (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 176).
1266 tn Heb “until fulfilling to it a complete year.’
1267 tn Heb “the house which [is] in the city which to it [is] a wall.” The Kethib has לֹא (lo’, “no, not”) rather than לוֹ (lo, “to it”) which is the Qere.
1268 tn See the note on v. 23 above.
1269 tn Heb “And the houses of the villages.”
1270 tn Heb “which there is not to them a wall.”
1271 tn Heb “on the field.”
1272 tn Heb “And.”
1273 tn Heb “the houses of the cities of their property.”
1274 tn Heb “And which he shall redeem from the Levites shall go out, sale of house and city, his property in the jubilee.” Although the end of this verse is clear, the first part is notoriously difficult. There are five main views. (1) The first clause of the verse actually attaches to the previous verse, and refers to the fact that their houses retain a perpetual right of redemption (v. 32b), “which any of the Levites may exercise” (v. 33a; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 418, 421). (2) It refers to property that one Levite sells to another Levite, which is then redeemed by still another Levite (v. 33a). In such cases, the property reverts to the original Levite owner in the jubilee year (v. 33b; G. J. Wenham, Leviticus [NICOT], 321). (3) It refers to houses in a city that had come to be declared as a Levitical city but had original non-Levitical owners. Once the city was declared to belong to the Levites, however, an owner could only sell his house to a Levite, and he could only redeem it back from a Levite up until the time of the first jubilee after the city was declared to be a Levitical city. In this case the first part of the verse would be translated, “Such property as may be redeemed from the Levites” (NRSV, NJPS). At the first jubilee, however, all such houses became the property of the Levites (v. 33b; P. J. Budd, Leviticus [NCBC], 353). (4) It refers to property “which is appropriated from the Levites” (not “redeemed from the Levites,” v. 33a) by those who have bought it or taken it as security for debts owed to them by Levites who had fallen on bad times. Again, such property reverts back to the original Levite owners at the jubilee (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 177). (5) It simply refers to the fact that a Levite has the option of redeeming his house (i.e., the prefix form of the verb is taken to be subjunctive, “may or might redeem”), which he had to sell because he had fallen into debt or perhaps even become destitute. Even if he never gained the resources to do so, however, it would still revert to him in the jubilee year. The present translation is intended to reflect this latter view.
1275 tn Heb “And.”
1276 sn This refers to the region of fields just outside and surrounding the city where cattle were kept and garden crops were grown (B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 177).
1277 tn It is not clear to whom this refers. It is probably broader than “sibling” (cf. NRSV “any of your kin”; NLT “any of your Israelite relatives”) but some English versions take it to mean “fellow Israelite” (so TEV; cf. NAB, NIV “countrymen”) and others are ambiguous (cf. CEV “any of your people”).
1278 tn Heb “and his hand slips with you.”
1279 tn Heb “strengthen”; NASB “sustain.”
1280 tn The form וָחַי (vakhay, “and shall live”) looks like the adjective “living,” but the MT form is simply the same verb written as a double ayin verb (see HALOT 309 s.v. חיה qal, and GKC 218 §76.i; cf. Lev 18:5).
1281 tn Heb “a foreigner and resident,” which is probably to be combined (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 170-71).
1282 tn The meaning of the terms rendered “interest” and “profit” is much debated (see the summaries in P. J. Budd, Leviticus [NCBC], 354-55 and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 178). Verse 37, however, suggests that the first refers to a percentage of money and the second percentage of produce (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 421).
1283 tn In form the Hebrew term וְחֵי (vÿkhey, “shall live”) is the construct plural noun (i.e., “the life of”), but here it is used as the finite verb (cf. v. 35 and GKC 218 §76.i).
1284 tn Heb “your money” and “your food.” With regard to “interest” and “profit” see the note on v. 36 above.
1285 tn Heb “to be to you for a God.”
1286 tn Heb “you shall not serve against him service of a slave.” A distinction is being made here between the status of slave and indentured servant.
1287 tn See the note on Lev 25:6 above.
1288 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have adversative force here.
1289 tn Heb “may go out from you.”
1290 tn Heb “fathers.”
1291 tn Or perhaps reflexive Niphal rather than passive, “they shall not sell themselves [as in] a slave sale.”
1292 tn Heb “You shall not rule in him in violence”; cf. NASB “with severity”; NIV “ruthlessly.”
1293 tn Heb “And your male slave and your female slave.” Smr has these as plural terms, “slaves,” not singular.
1294 tn Heb “ from the nations which surround you, from them you shall buy male slave and female slave.”
1295 tn The word “slaves” is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied here.
1296 tn Heb “family which is” (i.e., singular rather than plural).
1297 tn Heb “and your brothers, the sons of Israel, a man in his brother you shall not rule in him in violence.”
1298 tn Heb “And if the hand of a foreigner and resident with you reaches” (cf. v. 26 for this idiom).
1299 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1300 tn Heb “offshoot, descendant.”
1301 tn Heb “right of redemption shall be to him.”
1302 tn Heb “the son of his uncle.”
1303 tn Heb “or from the remainder of his flesh from his family.”
1304 tc The LXX, followed by the Syriac, actually has “if,” which is not in the MT.
1305 tn Heb “the years.”
1306 tn Heb “as days of a hired worker he shall be with him.” For this and the following verses see the explanation in P. J. Budd, Leviticus (NCBC), 358-59.
1307 tn Heb “to the mouth of them.”
1308 tn Heb “but if a little remains in the years.”
1309 tn Heb “be with him”; the referent (the one who bought him) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1310 tn Heb “As a hired worker year in year.”
1311 tn Heb “He”; the referent (the one who bought him) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1312 tn Heb “And if.”
1313 tn Heb “go out.”
1314 tn Heb “because to me the sons of Israel are servants.”
1315 sn For the literature regarding the difficult etymology and meaning of the term for “idols” (אֱלִילִם, ’elilim), see the literature cited in the note on Lev 19:4. It appears to be a diminutive play on words with אֵל (’el, “god, God”) and, perhaps at the same time, recalls a common Semitic word for “worthless, weak, powerless, nothingness.” Snaith suggests a rendering of “worthless godlings.”
1316 tn Heb “on.” The “sculpted stone” appears to be some sort of stone with images carved into (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 181, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 449).
1317 tn Heb “and my sanctuary you shall fear.” Cf. NCV “respect”; CEV “honor.”
1318 tn Heb “and my commandments you shall keep and do them.” This appears to be a kind of verbal hendiadys, where the first verb is a modifier of the action of the second verb (see GKC 386 §120.d, although שָׁמַר [shamar, “to keep”] is not cited there; cf. Lev 20:8; 25:18, etc.).
1319 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1320 tn Heb “the tree of the field will give its fruit.” As a collective singular this has been translated as plural.
1321 tn Heb “will reach for you the vintage season.”
1322 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1323 tn Heb “to satisfaction”; KJV, ASV, NASB “to the full.”
1324 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.
1325 tn Heb “and there will be no one who terrifies.” The words “to sleep” have been supplied in the translation for clarity.
1326 tn Heb “harmful animal,” singular, but taken here as a collective plural (so almost all English versions).
1327 tn Heb “no sword”; the words “of war” are supplied in the translation to indicate what the metaphor of the sword represents.
1328 tn Heb “to the sword.”
1329 tn Heb “cause to arise,” but probably used here for the
1330 tn Heb “old [produce] growing old.”
1331 tn Heb “and old from the presence of new you will bring out.”
1332 tn LXX codexes Vaticanus and Alexandrinus have “my covenant” rather than “my tabernacle.” Cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV “my dwelling.”
1333 tn Heb “and my soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] will not abhor you.”
1334 tn Heb “from being to them slaves.”
1335 tn In other words, to walk as free people and not as slaves. Cf. NIV “with (+ your CEV, NLT) heads held high”; NCV “proudly.”
1336 tn Heb “And if.”
1337 tn Heb “and do not do.”
1338 tn Heb “to not do.”
1339 tn Or “I also” (see HALOT 76 s.v. אַף 6.b).
1340 tn Heb “soul.” These expressions may refer either to the physical effects of consumption and fever as the rendering in the text suggests (e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452, 454, “diminishing eyesight and loss of appetite”), or perhaps the more psychological effects, “which exhausts the eyes” because of anxious hope “and causes depression” (Heb “causes soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] to pine away”), e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 185.
1341 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have causal force here.
1342 tn That is, “your enemies will eat” the produce that grows from the sown seed.
1343 tn Heb “And if until these.”
1344 tn Heb “I will add to discipline you seven [times] on your sins.”
1345 tn Heb “the tree of the land will not give its fruit.” The collective singular has been translated as a plural. Tg. Onq., some medieval Hebrew
1346 tn Heb “hostile with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in v. 24 and 27.
1347 tn Heb “your blow, stroke”; cf. TEV “punishment”; NLT “I will inflict you with seven more disasters.”
1348 tn Heb “the animal of the field.” This collective singular has been translated as a plural. The expression “animal of the field” refers to a wild (i.e., nondomesticated) animal.
1349 tn The words “of your children” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
1350 tn Heb “and diminish you.”
1351 tn Heb “And if in these.”
1352 tn Heb “with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in vv. 24 and 27.
1353 tn Heb “and I myself will also strike you.”
1354 tn Heb “vengeance of covenant”; cf. NAB “the avenger of my covenant.”
1355 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has a concessive force in this context.
1356 tn Heb “in hand of enemy,” but Tg. Ps.-J. and Tg. Neof. have “in the hands of your enemies” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 454).
1357 tn Heb “When I break to you staff of bread” (KJV, ASV, and NASB all similar).
1358 tn Heb “they will return your bread in weight.”
1359 tn Heb “And if in this.”
1360 tn Heb “with me.”
1361 tn Heb “in rage of hostility with you”; NASB “with wrathful hostility”; NRSV “I will continue hostile to you in fury”; CEV “I’ll get really furious.”
1362 tn Heb “and the flesh of your daughters you will eat.” The phrase “you will eat” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.
1363 sn Regarding these cultic installations, see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 188, and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:903. The term rendered “incense altars” might better be rendered “sanctuaries [of foreign deities]” or “stelae.”
1364 tn The translation reflects the Hebrew wordplay “your corpses…the corpses of your idols.” Since idols, being lifeless, do not really have “corpses,” the translation uses “dead bodies” for people and “lifeless bodies” for the idols.
1365 tn Heb “and my soul will abhor you.”
1366 tn Heb “And I will give your cities a waste”; NLT “make your cities desolate.”
1367 tn Heb “and I will empty sword” (see HALOT 1228 s.v. ריק 3).
1368 tn There are two Hebrew roots רָצָה (ratsah), one meaning “to be pleased with; to take pleasure” (HALOT 1280-81 s.v. רצה; cf. “enjoy” in NASB, NIV, NRSV, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452), and the other meaning “to restore” (HALOT 1281-82 s.v. II רצה; cf. NAB “retrieve” and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 189).
1369 tn Heb “it shall rest which it did not rest.”
1370 tn Heb “And.”
1371 tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) is used in a concessive sense here.
1372 tn The term rendered “to stand up” is a noun, not an infinitive. It occurs only here and appears to designate someone who would take a powerful stand for them against their enemies.
1373 tn Heb “in” (so KJV, ASV; also later in this verse).
1374 tn Heb “fathers’” (also in the following verse).
1375 tn Heb “And.” Many English versions take this to be a conditional clause (“if…”) though there is no conditional particle (see, e.g., NASB, NIV, NRSV; but see the very different rendering in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 190). The temporal translation offered here (“when”) takes into account the particle אָז (’az, “then”), which occurs twice in v. 41. The obvious contextual contrast between vv. 39 and 40 is expressed by “however” in the translation.
1376 tn Heb “in their trespassing which they trespassed in me.” See the note on Lev 5:15, although the term is used in a more technical sense there in relation to the “guilt offering.”
1377 tn Heb “and also which they walked.”
1378 tn Heb “with me.”
1379 tn Heb “or then,” although the LXX has “then” and the Syriac “and then.”
1380 tn Heb “and then they make up for.” On the verb “make up for” see the note on v. 34 above.
1381 tn Heb “my covenant with Abraham I will remember.” The phrase “I will remember” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.
1382 tn Heb “from them.” The preposition “from” refers here to the agent of the action (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 455).
1383 tn The jussive form of the verb with the simple vav (ו) here calls for a translation that expresses purpose.
1384 tn The verb is the Hophal infinitive construct with the third feminine singular suffix (GKC 182 §67.y; cf. v. 34).
1385 tn Heb “from them.”
1386 tn Heb “because and in because,” a double expression, which is used only here and in Ezek 13:10 (without the vav) for emphasis (GKC 492 §158.b).
1387 tn Heb “and their soul has abhorred.”
1388 tn Heb “covenant of former ones.”
sn For similar expressions referring back to the ancestors who refused to follow the stipulations of the Mosaic covenant see, for example, Deut 19:14, Jer 11:10, and Ps 79:8 (see B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 192, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 471).
1389 tn Heb “gave” (so NLT); KJV, ASV, NCV “made.”
1390 tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV).
1391 tn Cf. the note on Lev 22:21. Some take this as an expression for fulfilling a vow, “to fulfill a vow” (e.g., HALOT 927-28 s.v. פלא piel and NASB; cf. NRSV “in fulfillment of a vow”) or, alternatively, “to make a vow” or “for making a vow” (HALOT 928 s.v. פלא piel [II פלא]). Perhaps it refers to the making a special vow, from the verb פָלָא (pala’, “to be wonderful; to be remarkable”), cf. Milgrom, Numbers [JPSTC], 44. B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 151 and 193, suggests that this is a special term for “setting aside a votive offering” (related to פָלָה, palah, “to set aside”). In general, the point of the expression seems to be that this sacrifice is a special gift to God that arose out of special circumstances in the life of the worshiper.
1392 tn Heb “in your valuation, persons to the
1393 tn Heb “your conversion value shall be [for] the male.”
1394 tn Heb “from a son of twenty years and until a son of sixty years.”
1395 tn See the note on Lev 5:15.
1396 tn Heb “five shekels silver.”
1397 tn Heb “and the priest shall cause him to be valued.”
1398 tn Heb “on the mouth which the hand of the one who vowed reaches.”
1399 tn Heb “which they may present from it an offering.” The plural active verb is sometimes best rendered in the passive (GKC 460 §144.f, g). Some medieval Hebrew
1400 tn Heb “from it.” The masculine suffix “it” here is used for the feminine in the MT, but one medieval Hebrew
1401 tn Heb “it and its substitute.” The referent (the original animal offered) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1402 tn Heb “and the priest shall cause it to be valued.” See the note on v. 8 above.
1403 tn Heb “And if redeeming [infinitive absolute] he redeems it [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p. The referent of “he” (the person who made the vow) and “it” (the animal) have both been specified in the translation for clarity.
1404 tn Heb “on,” meaning “on top of, in addition to” (likewise in v. 15).
1405 tn The expression “it shall stand” may be a technical term for “it shall be legally valid”; cf. NLT “assessment will be final.”
1406 tn Heb “and it shall be to him.”
1407 tn Heb “a conversion value shall be to the mouth of its seed.”
1408 tn Heb “seed of a homer of barley in fifty shekels of silver.”
1409 tn Heb “from the year of the jubilee.” For the meaning of “jubilee,” see the note on Lev 25:10 above.
1410 tn Heb “And if.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have adversative force here.
1411 tn Heb “the silver.”
1412 tn Heb “And if redeeming [infinitive absolute] he redeems [finite verb] the field, the one who consecrated it.” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
1413 tn Heb “the silver of the conversion value.”
1414 tn Heb “and it shall rise to him.” See HALOT 1087 s.v. קום 7 for the rendering offered here, but see also the note on the end of v. 14 above (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 476, 478).
1415 tn Heb “and if he sells.”
1416 tn Heb “When it goes out” (cf. Lev 25:25-34).
1417 tn Heb “like the field of the permanent dedication.” The Hebrew word חֵרֶם (kherem) is a much discussed term. In this and the following verses it refers in a general way to the fact that something is permanently devoted to the
1418 tn Heb “to the priest it shall be his property.”
1419 tn Heb “his field of purchase,” which is to be distinguished from his own ancestral “landed property” (cf. v. 16 above).
1420 tn Heb “give” (so KJV, ASV, NASB, NLT).
1421 tn See the note on Lev 5:15.
1422 tn Heb “to the
1423 tn Heb “And if.”
1424 tn Heb “in” or “by.”
1425 tn Heb “Surely, any permanently dedicated [thing] which a man shall permanently dedicate to the
1426 tn Heb “permanently dedicated from among men.”
1427 tn On the “tithe” system in Israel, see R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:1035-55 and esp. pp. 1041-42 on Lev 27:30-33.
1428 tn Heb “And if redeeming [infinitive absolute] a man redeems [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
1429 tn Heb “its one fifth on it.”
1430 sn The tithed animal was the tenth one that passed under the shepherd’s rod or staff as they were being counted (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 485, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 200).
1431 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the owner of the animal) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1432 tn Heb “And if exchanging [infinitive absolute] he exchanges it [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.
1433 tn Heb “it and its substitute.” The referent (the original animal offered) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1434 tn Heb “it shall be and its substitute shall be holy.”
1435 tn Most of the commentaries and English versions translate, “which the