4:6 Then the Lord said to Cain, “Why are you angry, and why is your expression downcast?
11:5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people 6 had started 7 building.
12:17 But the Lord struck Pharaoh and his household with severe diseases 8 because of Sarai, Abram’s wife.
16:7 The Lord’s angel 11 found Hagar near a spring of water in the desert – the spring that is along the road to Shur. 12
16:9 Then the Lord’s angel said to her, “Return to your mistress and submit 13 to her authority.
18:20 So the Lord said, “The outcry against 17 Sodom and Gomorrah is so great and their sin so blatant 18
18:22 The two men turned 19 and headed 20 toward Sodom, but Abraham was still standing before the Lord. 21
18:33 The Lord went on his way 22 when he had finished speaking 23 to Abraham. Then Abraham returned home. 24
19:27 Abraham got up early in the morning and went 25 to the place where he had stood before the Lord.
24:1 Now Abraham was old, well advanced in years, 27 and the Lord had blessed him 28 in everything.
24:52 When Abraham’s servant heard their words, he bowed down to the ground before the Lord.
26:12 When Isaac planted in that land, he reaped in the same year a hundred times what he had sown, 31 because the Lord blessed him. 32
28:16 Then Jacob woke up 33 and thought, 34 “Surely the Lord is in this place, but I did not realize it!”
29:31 When the Lord saw that Leah was unloved, 35 he enabled her to become pregnant 36 while Rachel remained childless.
31:3 The Lord said to Jacob, “Return to the land of your fathers 38 and to your relatives. I will be with you.” 39
39:21 But the Lord was with Joseph and showed him kindness. 46 He granted him favor in the sight of the prison warden. 47
1 tn The primary meaning of the Hebrew word עָוֹן (’avon) is “sin, iniquity.” But by metonymy it can refer to the “guilt” of sin, or to “punishment” for sin. The third meaning applies here. Just before this the
2 tn Heb “great is my punishment from bearing.” The preposition מִן (min, “from”) is used here in a comparative sense.
3 sn The name Nod means “wandering” in Hebrew (see vv. 12, 14).
4 tn Or “was grieved”; “was sorry.” In the Niphal stem the verb נָחָם (nakham) can carry one of four semantic meanings, depending on the context: (1) “to experience emotional pain or weakness,” “to feel regret,” often concerning a past action (see Exod 13:17; Judg 21:6, 15; 1 Sam 15:11, 35; Job 42:6; Jer 31:19). In several of these texts כִּי (ki, “because”) introduces the cause of the emotional sorrow. (2) Another meaning is “to be comforted” or “to comfort oneself” (sometimes by taking vengeance). See Gen 24:67; 38:12; 2 Sam 13:39; Ps 77:3; Isa 1:24; Jer 31:15; Ezek 14:22; 31:16; 32:31. (This second category represents a polarization of category one.) (3) The meaning “to relent from” or “to repudiate” a course of action which is already underway is also possible (see Judg 2:18; 2 Sam 24:16 = 1 Chr 21:15; Pss 90:13; 106:45; Jer 8:6; 20:16; 42:10). (4) Finally, “to retract” (a statement) or “to relent or change one’s mind concerning,” “to deviate from” (a stated course of action) is possible (see Exod 32:12, 14; 1 Sam 15:29; Ps 110:4; Isa 57:6; Jer 4:28; 15:6; 18:8, 10; 26:3, 13, 19; Ezek 24:14; Joel 2:13-14; Am 7:3, 6; Jonah 3:9-10; 4:2; Zech 8:14). See R. B. Chisholm, “Does God ‘Change His Mind’?” BSac 152 (1995): 388. The first category applies here because the context speaks of God’s grief and emotional pain (see the following statement in v. 6) as a result of a past action (his making humankind). For a thorough study of the word נָחָם, see H. Van Dyke Parunak, “A Semantic Survey of NHM,” Bib 56 (1975): 512-32.
5 tn Heb “and he was grieved to his heart.” The verb עָצָב (’atsav) can carry one of three semantic senses, depending on the context: (1) “to be injured” (Ps 56:5; Eccl 10:9; 1 Chr 4:10); (2) “to experience emotional pain”; “to be depressed emotionally”; “to be worried” (2 Sam 19:2; Isa 54:6; Neh 8:10-11); (3) “to be embarrassed”; “to be offended” (to the point of anger at another or oneself); “to be insulted” (Gen 34:7; 45:5; 1 Sam 20:3, 34; 1 Kgs 1:6; Isa 63:10; Ps 78:40). This third category develops from the second by metonymy. In certain contexts emotional pain leads to embarrassment and/or anger. In this last use the subject sometimes directs his anger against the source of grief (see especially Gen 34:7). The third category fits best in Gen 6:6 because humankind’s sin does not merely wound God emotionally. On the contrary, it prompts him to strike out in judgment against the source of his distress (see v. 7). The verb וַיִּתְעַצֵּב (vayyit’atsev), a Hitpael from עָצָב, alludes to the judgment oracles in Gen 3:16-19. Because Adam and Eve sinned, their life would be filled with pain; but sin in the human race also brought pain to God. The wording of v. 6 is ironic when compared to Gen 5:29. Lamech anticipated relief (נָחָם, nakham) from their work (מַעֲשֶׂה, ma’aseh) and their painful toil (עִצְּבֹן, ’itsÿvon), but now we read that God was sorry (נָחָם, nakham) that he had made (עָשָׂה, ’asah) humankind for it brought him great pain (עָצָב, ’atsav).
6 tn Heb “the sons of man.” The phrase is intended in this polemic to portray the builders as mere mortals, not the lesser deities that the Babylonians claimed built the city.
7 tn The Hebrew text simply has בָּנוּ (banu), but since v. 8 says they left off building the city, an ingressive idea (“had started building”) should be understood here.
8 tn The cognate accusative adds emphasis to the verbal sentence: “he plagued with great plagues,” meaning the
9 tn Heb “to the place of the altar which he had made there in the beginning” (cf. Gen 12:7-8).
10 tn Heb “he called in the name of the
11 tn Heb “the messenger of the
12 tn Heb “And the angel of the
13 tn The imperative וְהִתְעַנִּי (vÿhit’anni) is the Hitpael of עָנָה (’anah, here translated “submit”), the same word used for Sarai’s harsh treatment of her. Hagar is instructed not only to submit to Sarai’s authority, but to whatever mistreatment that involves. God calls for Hagar to humble herself.
14 tn The verb does not have an expressed subject and so is rendered as passive in the translation.
15 sn The Hebrew name Beer Lahai Roi (בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי, bÿ’er lakhay ro’i) means “The well of the Living One who sees me.” The text suggests that God takes up the cause of those who are oppressed.
16 tn Heb “look.” The words “it is located” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
17 tn Heb “the outcry of Sodom,” which apparently refers to the outcry for divine justice from those (unidentified persons) who observe its sinful ways.
18 tn Heb “heavy.”
19 tn Heb “And the men turned from there.” The word “two” is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied here for clarity. Gen 19:1 mentions only two individuals (described as “angels”), while Abraham had entertained three visitors (18:2). The implication is that the
20 tn Heb “went.”
21 tc An ancient Hebrew scribal tradition reads “but the
22 tn Heb “And the
23 tn The infinitive construct (“speaking”) serves as the direct object of the verb “finished.”
24 tn Heb “to his place.”
25 tn The words “and went” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
26 sn Heb “the messenger of the
27 tn Heb “days.”
28 tn Heb “Abraham.” The proper name has been replaced in the translation by the pronoun (“he”) for stylistic reasons.
29 sn Do not go down to Egypt. The words echo Gen 12:10, which reports that “Abram went down to Egypt,” but state the opposite.
30 tn Heb “say to you.”
31 tn Heb “a hundredfold.”
32 tn This final clause explains why Isaac had such a bountiful harvest.
33 tn Heb “woke up from his sleep.” This has been simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.
34 tn Heb “said.”
35 tn Heb “hated.” The rhetorical device of overstatement is used (note v. 30, which says simply that Jacob loved Rachel more than he did Leah) to emphasize that Rachel, as Jacob’s true love and the primary object of his affections, had an advantage over Leah.
36 tn Heb “he opened up her womb.”
37 sn The name Joseph (יוֹסֵף, yoseph) means “may he add.” The name expresses Rachel’s desire to have an additional son. In Hebrew the name sounds like the verb (אָסַף,’asasf) translated “taken away” in the earlier statement made in v. 23. So the name, while reflecting Rachel’s hope, was also a reminder that God had removed her shame.
38 tn Or perhaps “ancestors” (so NRSV), although the only “ancestors” Jacob had there were his grandfather Abraham and his father Isaac.
39 sn I will be with you. Though Laban was no longer “with him,” the
40 tn Heb “cut a covenant.”
41 tn The verb הָיָה (hayah) followed by the preposition לְ (lÿ) means “become.”
42 tn Heb “and it will become a witness between me and you.”
43 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the
44 tn Heb “and he was a prosperous man.” This does not mean that Joseph became wealthy, but that he was successful in what he was doing, or making progress in his situation (see 24:21).
45 tn Heb “and he was.”
46 tn Heb “and he extended to him loyal love.”
47 tn Or “the chief jailer” (also in the following verses).