Discovery BoxHosea 3:5--4:1 
Context3:5 Afterward, the Israelites will turn and seek the Lord their God and their Davidic king. 1 Then they will submit to the Lord in fear and receive his blessings 2 in the future. 3
4:1 Hear the word of the Lord, you Israelites! 4
For the Lord has a covenant lawsuit 5 against the people of Israel. 6
For there is neither faithfulness nor loyalty in the land,
nor do they acknowledge God. 7
Hosea 4:6
Context4:6 You have destroyed 8 my people
by failing to acknowledge me!
Because you refuse to acknowledge me, 9
I will reject you as my priests.
Because you reject 10 the law of your God,
I will reject 11 your descendants.
Hosea 4:12
Context4:12 They consult their wooden idols,
and their diviner’s staff answers with an oracle.
The wind of prostitution blows them astray;
they commit spiritual adultery 12 against their God.
Hosea 9:1
Context9:1 O Israel, do not rejoice jubilantly 13 like the nations,
for you are unfaithful 14 to your God.
You love to receive a prostitute's wages 15
on all the floors where you thresh your grain.
Hosea 11:9
Context11:9 I cannot carry out 16 my fierce anger!
I cannot totally destroy Ephraim!
Because I am God, and not man – the Holy One among you –
I will not come in wrath!
Hosea 11:12
Context11:12 (12:1) 17 Ephraim has surrounded me with lies;
the house of Israel has surrounded me 18 with deceit.
But Judah still roams about with 19 God;
he remains faithful to the Holy One.
Hosea 13:16
Context13:16 (14:1) 20 Samaria will be held guilty, 21
because she rebelled against her God.
They will fall by the sword,
their infants will be dashed to the ground –
their 22 pregnant women will be ripped open.
1 tn Heb “David their king”; cf. NCV “the king from David’s family”; TEV “a descendant of David their king”; NLT “David’s descendant, their king.”
sn It is not clear whether Hosea was predicting a restoration of Davidic kingship over Israel and Judah (e.g., Jer 17:25; 22:2) or referring to the ultimate Davidic king, namely, the Messiah, who will fulfill the conditions of the Davidic covenant and inaugurate/fulfill the blessings of the Davidic covenant for Israel. The Messiah is frequently pictured as the “New David” because he would fulfill the ideals of the Davidic covenant and be everything that David and his descendants were commissioned to be (e.g., Isa 9:7[6]; 16:5; Jer 23:5-6; 30:9; 33:15-16; Ezek 34:23-24; 37:24-25).
2 tn Heb “his goodness”; NLT “his good gifts.”
3 tn Heb “in the end of the days.” Cf. NAB, NASB, NIV, NCV, NLT “in the last days.”
4 tn Heb “sons of Israel” (so NASB); KJV “children of Israel”; NAB, NRSV “people of Israel.”
5 tn The noun רִיב (riv, “dispute, lawsuit”) is used in two contexts: (1) nonlegal contexts: (a) “dispute” between individuals (e.g., Gen 13:7; Isa 58:1; Jer 15:10) or (b) “brawl; quarrel” between people (e.g., Exod 17:7; Deut 25:1); and (2) legal contexts: (a) “lawsuit; legal process” (e.g., Exod 23:3-6; Deut 19:17; 21:5; Ezek 44:24; Ps 35:23), (b) “lawsuit; legal case” (e.g., Deut 1:12; 17:8; Prov 18:17; 25:9), and (c) God’s “lawsuit” on behalf of a person or against his own people (Hos 4:1; 12:3; Mic 6:2; HALOT 1225-26 s.v. רִיב). The term in Hosea refers to a covenant lawsuit in which Yahweh the suzerain lodges a legal case against his disobedient vassal, accusing Israel and Judah of breach of covenant which will elicit the covenant curses.
6 tn Heb “with the inhabitants of the land” (so KJV); NAB, NASB, NRSV “against the inhabitants of the land.”
7 tn Heb “there is no truthfulness nor loyalty nor knowledge of God in the land.” Here “knowledge of God” refers to recognition of his authority and obedience to his will.
8 tn Heb “they have destroyed” or “my people are destroyed” (so KJV, NIV, NRSV).
9 tn Heb “Because you reject knowledge”; NLT “because they don’t know me.”
10 tn Heb “have forgotten”; NAB, NIV “have ignored.”
11 tn Heb “forget” (so KJV, NRSV); NLT “forget to bless.”
12 tn Heb “adultery.” The adjective “spiritual” is supplied in the translation to clarify that apostasy is meant here.
13 tn Heb “do not rejoice unto jubilation”; KJV “Rejoice not…for joy”; NASB “Do not rejoice…with exultation.”
14 tn Heb “you have committed adultery”; NRSV “you have played the whore.”
15 tn Heb “you love the wages of the prostitute” (NIV similar); NAB “loving a harlot’s hire.”
16 tn The three imperfect verbs function as imperfects of capability, similar to the imperfects of capability in 11:8. See IBHS 564 §34.1a.
17 sn Beginning with 11:12, the verse numbers through 12:14 in the English Bible differ by one from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 11:12 ET = 12:1 HT, 12:1 ET = 12:2 HT, etc., through 12:14 ET = 12:15 HT. From 13:1 to 13:16 the verse numbers in the English Bible and the Hebrew Bible are again the same.
18 tn The phrase “has surrounded me” is not repeated in the Hebrew text here, but is implied by the parallelism in the preceding line. It is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons, smoothness, and readability.
19 tn The verb רוּד (rud, “to roam about freely”) is used in a concrete sense to refer to someone wandering restlessly and roaming back and forth (BDB 923 s.v. רוּד; Judg 11:37). Here, it is used figuratively, possibly with positive connotations, as indicated by the preposition עִם (’im, “with”), to indicate accompaniment: “but Judah still goes about with God” (HALOT 1194 s.v. רוד). Some English versions render it positively: “Judah still walks with God” (RSV, NRSV); “Judah is restive under God” (REB); “but Judah stands firm with God” (NJPS); “but Judah yet ruleth with God” (KJV, ASV). Other English versions adopt the negative connotation “to wander restlessly” and nuance עִם in an adversative sense (“against”): “Judah is still rebellious against God” (NAB), “Judah is unruly against God” (NIV), and “the people of Judah are still rebelling against me” (TEV).
20 sn Beginning with 13:16, the verse numbers through 14:9 in the English Bible differ by one from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 13:16 ET = 14:1 HT, 14:1 ET = 14:2 HT, etc., through 14:9 ET = 14:10 HT. Thus ch. 14 in the Hebrew Bible has 10 verses.
21 tn Or “must bear its guilt” (NIV similar); NLT “must bear the consequences of their guilt”; CEV “will be punished.”
22 tn Heb “his.” This is a collective singular, as recognized by almost all English versions.
