¹ tn Or perhaps, “scales like iron breastplates” (RSV, NRSV) although the Greek term θώραξ (qwrax) would have to shift its meaning within the clause, and elsewhere in biblical usage (e.g., Eph 6:14; 1 Thess 5:8) it normally means “breastplate.” See also L&N 8.38.

² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

³ tn The Greek article τήν (thn) has been translated with demonstrative force here.

⁴ tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated here and before the following term “month” since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

⁵ tn Grk “so that they might kill,” but the English infinitive is an equivalent construction to indicate purpose here.

⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

⁷ tn For the translation of διάδημα (diadhma) as “diadem crown” see L&N 6.196.

sn Diadem crowns were a type of crown used as a symbol of the highest ruling authority in a given area, and thus often associated with kingship.

⁸ tn Grk “and the woman,” which would be somewhat redundant in English.

⁹ tn Or “desert.”

¹⁰ tn Grk “where she has there a place prepared by God.”

¹¹ tn Grk “so they can take care of her.”

¹² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present here.

¹³ tn Grk “the earth helped the woman.”

¹⁴ tn Grk “the earth opened its mouth” (a metaphor for the ground splitting open).

¹⁵ tn Grk “one of its heads”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

¹⁶ tn Grk “killed to death,” an expression emphatic in its redundancy. The phrase behind this translation is ὡς ἐσφαγμένον (Jw" ejsfagmenon). The particle ὡς is used in Greek generally for comparison, and in Revelation it is used often to describe the appearance of what the author saw. In this instance, the appearance of the beast’s head did not match reality, because the next phrase shows that in fact it did not die. This text does not affirm that the beast died and was resurrected, but some draw this conclusion because of the only other use of the phrase, which refers to Jesus in 5:6.

¹⁷ tn The phrase τοῦ θανάτου (tou qanatou) can be translated as an attributive genitive (“deathly wound”) or an objective genitive (the wound which caused death) and the final αὐτοῦ (autou) is either possessive or reference/respect.

¹⁸ tn On the phrase “the whole world followed the beast in amazement,” BDAG 445 s.v. θαυμάζω 2 states, “wonder, be amazed…Rv 17:8. In pregnant constr. ἐθαυμάσθη ὅλη ἡ γῆ ὀπίσω τ. θηρίου the whole world followed the beast, full of wonder 13:3 (here wonder becomes worship: cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 290 D.; 39 p. 747 of Dionysus and Heracles, οἳ ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν ἐθαυμάσθησαν. Sir 7:29; Jos., Ant. 3, 65. – The act. is also found in this sense: Cebes 2, 3 θ. τινά = ‘admire’ or ‘venerate’ someone; Epict. 1, 17, 19 θ. τὸν θεόν).”

¹⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

²⁰ sn This second beast is identified in Rev 16:13 as “the false prophet.”

²¹ tn Grk “and it had,” a continuation of the preceding sentence. On the use of the pronoun “he” to refer to the second beast, see the note on the word “It” in 13:1.

²² tn Or perhaps, “like a ram.” Here L&N 4.25 states, “In the one context in the NT, namely, Re 13:11, in which ἀρνίον refers literally to a sheep, it is used in a phrase referring to the horns of an ἀρνίον. In such a context the reference is undoubtedly to a ‘ram,’ that is to say, the adult male of sheep.” In spite of this most translations render the word “lamb” here to maintain the connection between this false lamb and the true Lamb of the Book of Revelation, Jesus Christ.

²³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

²⁴ tn Or “wide golden sashes,” but these would not be diagonal, as some modern sashes are, but horizontal. The Greek term can refer to a wide band of cloth or leather worn on the outside of one’s clothing (L&N 6.178).

²⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

²⁶ tn The shift in pronouns from second to third person corresponds to the Greek text.

²⁷ tn Grk “and of all.” The phrase “along with the blood” has been repeated from the previous clause for stylistic reasons.

²⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

²⁹ tn For the translation of ἀπέρχομαι (apercomai; here ἀπῆλθαν [aphlqan]) L&N 13.93 has “to go out of existence – ‘to cease to exist, to pass away, to cease.’”

³⁰ tn Grk “the one”; the referent (the angel of v. 9) has been specified in the translation for clarity.