¹ tn L&N 79.31 states, “‘fiery red’ (probably with a tinge of yellow or orange).”

² tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”

³ tn The word “permission” is implied; Grk “it was given to him to take peace from the earth.”

⁴ tn BDAG 979 s.v. σφάζω states, “Of the killing of a person by violence…σφάζειν τινά butcher or murder someone (4 Km 10:7; Jer 52:10; Manetho: 609 fgm. 8, 76 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 76]; Demetr.[?]: 722 fgm. 7; Ar. 10, 9) 1J 3:12; Rv 6:4. Pass. (Hdt. 5, 5) 5:9; 6:9; 18:24.”

⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated; nor is it translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

⁷ tn Grk “chiliarchs.” A chiliarch was normally a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).

⁸ tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.

⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of new but related material.

¹⁰ tn Grk “who were sealed.”

¹¹ tn Normally, “every,” but since 144,000 is the total number, “all” is clearer here.

¹² tn Grk “the sons of Israel,” normally an idiom for the Israelites as an ethnic entity (L&N 11.58). However, many scholars understand the expression in this context to refer to Christians rather than ethnic Israelites.

¹³ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

¹⁴ tn The dative indirect object (αὐταῖς, autais) was converted into the subject (“they”) as this more closely approximates English usage. The following ἵ῞να (Jina) is taken as substantival, introducing a direct object clause. In this case, because it is reported speech, the ἵνα is similar to the declarative ὅτι (Joti).

¹⁵ tn Grk “men”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here of both men and women.

¹⁶ tn The article τῶν (twn) has been translated as a possessive pronoun here (ExSyn 215).

¹⁷ tn The word “every” is not in the Greek text, but is implied by the following list.

¹⁸ tn The Greek term καί (kai) has not been translated before this and the following items in the list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

¹⁹ tn Or “to be buried.”

²⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

²¹ tn Grk “seven thousand names of men.”

²² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

²³ tc Most mss (Ì47 א* Ï sa) lack ἄλλον (allon, “another”) here, but the support for it is stronger (Ì^115vid א² A C P 051 1006 1611 1841 2053 2329 al latt sy bo). The problem that its inclusion represents is that there is no reference to any other angel in the immediate context (the last mention was in 11:15). In this instance, the longer reading is harder. The word was probably intentionally omitted in order to resolve the tension; less likely, it might have been accidentally omitted since its spelling is similar to “angel” (ἄγγελος, angelos).

²⁴ tn L&N 1.10 states, “a point or region of the sky directly above the earth – ‘high in the sky, midpoint in the sky, directly overhead, straight above in the sky.’”

²⁵ tn Grk “having.”

²⁶ tn Or “an eternal gospel to announce as good news.”

²⁷ tn Grk “to those seated on the earth.”

²⁸ tn Grk “and tribe,” but καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following term since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

²⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the directions given by the voice from the temple.

³⁰ tn Grk “the first”; the referent (the first angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

³¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

³² tn Or “ulcerated sores”; the term in the Greek text is singular but is probably best understood as a collective singular.

³³ tn Grk ‘the men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

³⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun.

³⁵ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

³⁶ tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. καῦμα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.”

³⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

³⁸ tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

³⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

⁴⁰ tn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

⁴¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out.

⁴² tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.”

⁴³ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

⁴⁴ tn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασάομαι states, “bite w. acc. τὰς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.”

⁴⁵ tn The preposition ἐκ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense.

⁴⁶ tn Here BDAG 988 s.v. ταλαντιαῖος states, “weighing a talent…χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία a severe hailstorm with hailstones weighing a talent (the talent=125 librae, or Roman pounds of c. 343 gr. or 12 ounces each) (weighing about a hundred pounds NRSV) Rv 16:21.” This means each hailstone would weigh just under 100 pounds or 40 kilograms.

⁴⁷ tn Or “the sky.” Due to the apocalyptic nature of this book, it is probably best to leave the translation as “from heaven,” since God is ultimately the source of the judgment.

⁴⁸ tn Grk “on men,” but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in a generic sense to refer to people in general (the hailstones did not single out adult males, but would have also fallen on women and children).

⁴⁹ tn Grk “the men”; for stylistic reasons the pronoun “they” is used here.

⁵⁰ tn Grk “the plague of it.”

⁵¹ tn Grk “since the plague of it was exceedingly great.”

⁵² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

⁵³ tn Or “dwelling place”; traditionally, “tabernacle”; literally “tent.”

⁵⁴ tn Or “people”; Grk “men” (ἀνθρώπων, anqrwpwn), a generic use of the term. In the translation “human beings” was used here because “people” occurs later in the verse and translates a different Greek word (λαοί, laoi).

⁵⁵ tn Grk “men, and he.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

⁵⁶ tc ‡ Most mss (א Ï^K) do not add the words “[as] their God” (αὐτῶν θεός, autwn qeos) after “he will be with them.” The mss with these words include A 2030 2050 2329 al. The Andreas group (Ï^A) also has the words, but in a different arrangement with the preceding (ἔσται μετ᾿ αὐτῶν θεὸς αὐτῶν, estai met’ autwn qeo" autwn). Not only do the words float, but scribes may have been motivated to make a connection here more directly with Isa 7:14; 8:8; Jer 24:7; 31:33; Zech 8:8. In light of sufficient external evidence as well as the possibility that the longer reading is theologically motivated, the shorter reading is preferred. NA²⁷ places the words in brackets, indicating doubts as to their authenticity.