¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

² sn The archangel Michael had a special role in protecting the nation of Israel in the OT (Dan 10:13, 21; 12:1; see also Jude 9).

³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

⁴ tn For the translation of διάδημα (diadhma) as “diadem crown” see L&N 6.196.

sn Diadem crowns were a type of crown used as a symbol of the highest ruling authority in a given area, and thus often associated with kingship.

⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the implied contrast.

⁶ tn The words “to prevail” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

⁷ tn Grk “found.”

⁸ tn Grk “for them”; the referent (the dragon and his angels, v. 7) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” because the clause it introduces is clearly resumptive.

¹⁰ tn Grk “saw.”

¹¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present here.

¹² tn Grk “the earth helped the woman.”

¹³ tn Grk “the earth opened its mouth” (a metaphor for the ground splitting open).

¹⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

¹⁵ sn This second beast is identified in Rev 16:13 as “the false prophet.”

¹⁶ tn Grk “and it had,” a continuation of the preceding sentence. On the use of the pronoun “he” to refer to the second beast, see the note on the word “It” in 13:1.

¹⁷ tn Or perhaps, “like a ram.” Here L&N 4.25 states, “In the one context in the NT, namely, Re 13:11, in which ἀρνίον refers literally to a sheep, it is used in a phrase referring to the horns of an ἀρνίον. In such a context the reference is undoubtedly to a ‘ram,’ that is to say, the adult male of sheep.” In spite of this most translations render the word “lamb” here to maintain the connection between this false lamb and the true Lamb of the Book of Revelation, Jesus Christ.

¹⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

¹⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

²⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate that this remark is virtually parenthetical.

²¹ tn Grk “its”; the referent (the dragon) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

²² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

²³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the woman’s escape.

²⁴ tn Grk “her seed” (an idiom for offspring, children, or descendants).

²⁵ tn Or “who obey.”

²⁶ tn Grk “and having.”

²⁷ tn Grk “the testimony of Jesus,” which may involve a subjective genitive (“Jesus’ testimony”) or, more likely, an objective genitive (“testimony about Jesus”).

²⁸ tn Grk “he”; the referent (the dragon) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

²⁹ tc Grk ἐστάθη (estaqh, “he stood”). The reading followed by the translation is attested by the better mss (Ì⁴⁷ א A C 1854 2344 2351 pc lat sy^h) while the majority of mss (051 Ï vg^mss sy^ph co) have the reading ἐστάθην (estaqhn, “I stood”). Thus, the majority of mss make the narrator, rather than the dragon of 12:17, the subject of the verb. The first person reading is most likely an assimilation to the following verb in 13:1, “I saw.” The reading “I stood” was introduced either by accident or to produce a smoother flow, giving the narrator a vantage point on the sea’s edge from which to observe the beast rising out of the sea in 13:1. But almost everywhere else in the book, the phrase καὶ εἶδον (kai eidon, “and I saw”) marks a transition to a new vision, without reference to the narrator’s activity. On both external and internal grounds, it is best to adopt the third person reading, “he stood.”

³⁰ tn Or “sandy beach” (L&N 1.64).

³¹ sn The standard critical texts of the Greek NT, NA²⁷ and UBS⁴, both include this sentence as 12:18, as do the RSV and NRSV. Other modern translations like the NASB and NIV include the sentence at the beginning of 13:1; in these versions chap. 12 has only 17 verses.

³² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the result of the war in heaven.

³³ tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

³⁴ tn On the use of the masculine pronoun to refer to the beast, see the note on the word “It” in 13:1.

³⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

³⁶ sn According to the next verse, these three unclean spirits are spirits of demons.

³⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the parenthetical nature of the following description of the beast.

³⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

³⁹ tn Grk “gave it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

⁴⁰ tn For the translation “authority to rule” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.