1 tn Heb “to [the] sea.” The “sea” refers here to the Mediterranean Sea.
2 tn Heb “to [the] river.” The “river” is the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia. Israel expanded both to the west and to the east.
3 sn The protective walls of the metaphorical vineyard are in view here (see Isa 5:5).
4 tn Heb “pluck it.”
5 tn The Hebrew verb כִּרְסֵם (kirsem, “to eat away; to ruin”) occurs only here in the OT.
6 tn The precise referent of the Hebrew word translated “insects,” which occurs only here and in Ps 50:11, is uncertain. Aramaic, Arabic, and Akkadian cognates refer to insects, such as locusts or crickets.
