¹ tn Heb “witnesses of violence rise up.”

² tn Heb “[that] which I do not know they ask me.”

³ tn Or “innocent.” The singular is used here in a representative sense; the typical evildoer and the typical godly individual are in view.

⁴ tn Heb “and gnashes at him with his teeth” (see Ps 35:16). The language may picture the evil men as wild animals. The active participles in v. 12 are used for purposes of dramatic description.

⁵ tn Or “destroyed together.” In this case the psalmist pictures judgment sweeping them away as a group.

⁶ tn Heb “the end of evil men is cut off.” As in v. 37, some interpret אַחֲרִית (’akharit, “end”) as referring to offspring (see Ps 109:13). The perfect verbal forms in v. 38 probably express general truths. Another option is that they are used emphatically to state with certitude that the demise of the wicked is as good as done.

⁷ tn Heb “from the workers of wickedness.”

⁸ tn Heb “from men of bloodshed.”

⁹ tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62).

¹⁰ tn Heb “his.” The singular pronominal suffix is collective, referring back to God’s “people” (v. 62).

¹¹ tn Heb “were not praised,” that is, in wedding songs. The young men died in masses, leaving no husbands for the young women.