18:3 For all the nations 1 have fallen 2 from
the wine of her immoral passion, 3
and the kings of the earth have committed sexual immorality with her,
and the merchants of the earth have gotten rich from the power of her sensual behavior.” 4
18:4 Then 5 I heard another voice from heaven saying, “Come out of her, my people, so you will not take part in her sins and so you will not receive her plagues, 18:5 because her sins have piled 6 up all the way to heaven 7 and God has remembered 8 her crimes. 9 18:6 Repay her the same way she repaid others; 10 pay her back double 11 corresponding to her deeds. In the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her. 18:7 As much as 12 she exalted herself and lived in sensual luxury, 13 to this extent give her torment and grief because she said to herself, 14 ‘I rule as queen and am no widow; I will never experience grief!’ 18:8 For this reason, she will experience her plagues 15 in a single day: disease, 16 mourning, 17 and famine, and she will be burned down 18 with fire, because the Lord God who judges her is powerful!”
18:9 Then 19 the kings of the earth who committed immoral acts with her and lived in sensual luxury 20 with her will weep and wail for her when they see the smoke from the fire that burns her up. 21 18:10 They will stand a long way off because they are afraid of her torment, and will say,
“Woe, woe, O great city,
Babylon the powerful city!
For in a single hour your doom 22 has come!”
18:11 Then 23 the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn for her because no one buys their cargo 24 any longer – 18:12 cargo such as gold, silver, 25 precious stones, pearls, fine linen, purple cloth, silk, 26 scarlet cloth, 27 all sorts of things made of citron wood, 28 all sorts of objects made of ivory, all sorts of things made of expensive wood, bronze, iron and marble, 18:13 cinnamon, spice, 29 incense, perfumed ointment, 30 frankincense, 31 wine, olive oil and costly flour, 32 wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and four-wheeled carriages, 33 slaves and human lives. 34
18:14 (The ripe fruit 35 you greatly desired 36
has gone from you,
and all your luxury 37 and splendor 38
have gone from you –
they will never ever be found again!) 39
18:15 The merchants who sold 40 these things, who got rich from her, will stand a long way off because they are afraid of her torment. They will weep 41 and mourn, 18:16 saying,
“Woe, woe, O great city –
dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet clothing, 42
and adorned with gold, 43 precious stones, and pearls –
18:17 because in a single hour such great wealth has been destroyed!” 44
And every ship’s captain, 45 and all who sail along the coast 46 – seamen, and all who 47 make their living from the sea, stood a long way off 18:18 and began to shout 48 when they saw the smoke from the fire that burned her up, 49 “Who is like the great city?”
1 tn Or “all the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).
2 tc ‡ Several
3 tn See the notes on the words “passion” in Rev 14:8 and “wrath” in 16:19.
4 tn According to BDAG 949 s.v. στρῆνος and στρηνιάω, these terms can refer either to luxury or sensuality. In the context of Rev 18, however (as L&N 88.254 indicate) the stress is on gratification of the senses by sexual immorality, so that meaning was emphasized in the translation here.
5 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
6 tn On ἐκολλήθησαν (ekollhqhsan) BDAG 556 s.v. κολλάω 2.a.β states, “fig. cling to = come in close contact with (cp. Ps 21:16; 43:26 ἐκολλήθη εἰς γῆν ἡ γαστὴρ ἡμῶν. The act.=‘bring into contact’ PGM 5, 457 κολλήσας τ. λίθον τῷ ὠτίῳ) ἐκολλήθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τ. οὐρανοῦ the sins have touched the heaven = reached the sky (two exprs. are telescoped) Rv 18:5.”
7 tn Or “up to the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).
8 tn That is, remembered her sins to execute judgment on them.
9 tn Or “her sins.”
10 tn The word “others” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.
11 tn On this term BDAG 252 s.v. διπλόω states, “to double τὰ διπλᾶ pay back double Rv 18:6.”
12 tn “As much as” is the translation of ὅσα (Josa).
13 tn On the term ἐστρηνίασεν (estrhniasen) BDAG 949 s.v. στρηνιάω states, “live in luxury, live sensually Rv 18:7. W. πορνεύειν vs. 9.”
14 tn Grk “said in her heart,” an idiom for saying something to oneself.
15 tn Grk “For this reason, her plagues will come.”
16 tn Grk “death.” θάνατος (qanatos) can in particular contexts refer to a manner of death, specifically a contagious disease (see BDAG 443 s.v. 3; L&N 23.158).
17 tn This is the same Greek word (πένθος, penqo") translated “grief” in vv. 7-8.
18 tn Here “burned down” was used to translate κατακαυθήσεται (katakauqhsetai) because a city is in view.
19 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
20 tn On the term ἐστρηνίασεν (estrhniasen) BDAG 949 s.v. στρηνιάω states, “live in luxury, live sensually Rv 18:7. W. πορνεύειν vs. 9.”
21 tn Grk “from the burning of her.” For the translation “the smoke from the fire that burns her up,” see L&N 14.63.
22 tn Or “judgment,” condemnation,” “punishment.” BDAG 569 s.v. κρίσις 1.a.β states, “The word oft. means judgment that goes against a person, condemnation, and the sentence that follows…ἡ κ. σου your judgment Rv 18:10.”
23 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
24 tn On γόμος (gomos) BDAG 205 s.v. states, “load, freight…cargo of a ship…Ac 21:3. W. gen. of the owner Rv 18:11. W. gen. of content…γ. χρυσοῦ a cargo of gold vs. 12.”
25 tn Grk “and silver,” but καί (kai) has not been translated before most of these terms since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more
26 tn On this term BDAG 924-25 s.v. σιρικός states, “per. to silk from Ser, subst. τὸ σιρικόν silk cloth or garments w. other costly materials Rv 18:12.”
27 tn On the translation of κόκκινον (kokkinon) as “scarlet cloth” see L&N 6.170.
28 tn On the phrase πᾶν ξύλον θύϊνον (pan xulon quinon) L&N 3.63 states, “pertaining to being made or consisting of citron wood (that is, from a citron tree) – ‘of citron wood.’ καὶ πᾶν ξύλον θύϊνον καὶ πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον ‘and all kinds of things made of citron wood and all kinds of objects made of ivory’ Re 18:12. The citron tree belongs to the citrus family of plants, and it produces a pale yellow fruit somewhat larger than a lemon, the rind of which is often candied. In Re 18:12, however, the focus is upon the fine quality of the wood.”
29 tn On the term ἄμωμον (amwmon) L&N 5.23 states, “a generic term for any kind of spice, though often a specific reference to amomum, an Indian type of spice – ‘spice, amomum.’ κιννάμωμον καὶ ἄμωμον καὶ θυμιάματα ‘cinnamon and spice and incense’ Re 18:13. In most translations ἄμωμον is interpreted as spice in general.”
30 tn Or “myrrh,” a strong aromatic ointment often used to prepare a body for burial (L&N 6.205).
31 tn The Greek term λίβανος (libano") refers to the aromatic resin of a certain type of tree (L&N 6.212).
32 tn On σεμίδαλις (semidali") L&N 5.10 states, “a fine grade of wheat flour – ‘fine flour.’ οἶνον καὶ ἔλαιον καὶ σεμίδαλιν καὶ σῖτον ‘wine and oil and fine flour and wheat’ Re 18:13. In some languages ‘fine flour’ may be best expressed as ‘expensive flour.’ Such a rendering fits well the context of Re 18:13.”
33 tn Or “and wagons.” On the term ῥέδη (rJedh) see L&N 6.53: “a four-wheeled carriage or wagon used for travel or the transportation of loads – ‘carriage, wagon.’ The term ῥέδη occurs only in Re 18:13 in a list of products bought and sold by merchants.”
34 tn Grk “and bodies and souls of men.” This could be understood (1) as a hendiadys (two things mentioned = one thing meant), referring only to slave trade; (2) it could be referring to two somewhat different concepts: slavery (bodies) and the cheapness of human life – some of the items earlier in the list of merchandise were to be obtained only at great cost of human life; or (3) a somewhat related idea, that the trade is in not just physical bodies (slavery) but human souls (people whose lives are destroyed through this trade).
35 tn On ὀπώρα (opwra) L&N 3.34 states, “ἡ ὀπώρα σου τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς ‘the ripe fruit for which you longed’ Re 18:14. In this one occurrence of ὀπώρα in the NT, ‘ripe fruit’ is to be understood in a figurative sense of ‘good things.’”
36 tn Grk “you desired in your soul.”
37 tn On λιπαρός (liparo") BDAG 597 s.v. states, “luxury Rv 18:14.”
38 tn On τὰ λαμπρά (ta lampra) BDAG 585 s.v. λαμπρός 4 states, “splendor…in which a rich man takes delight (cp. Jos., Ant. 12, 220 δωρεὰς δοὺς λαμπράς) Rv 18:14.”
39 tn Verse 14 is set in parentheses because in it the city, Babylon, is addressed directly in second person.
sn This verse forms a parenthetical aside in the narrative.
40 tn Grk “the merchants [sellers] of these things.”
41 tn Grk “her torment, weeping.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started in the translation by supplying the words “They will” here.
42 tn The word “clothing” is supplied to clarify that the words “purple” and “scarlet” refer to cloth or garments rather than colors.
43 tn Grk “gilded with gold” (an instance of semantic reinforcement, see L&N 49.29).
44 tn On ἠρημώθη (hrhmwqh) L&N 20.41 states, “to suffer destruction, with the implication of being deserted and abandoned – ‘to be destroyed, to suffer destruction, to suffer desolation.’ ἐρημόομαι: μιᾷ ὥρᾳ ἠρημώθη ὁ τοσοῦτος πλοῦτος ‘such great wealth has been destroyed within a single hour’ Re 18:17.”
45 tn On κυβερνήτης (kubernhth") BDAG 574 s.v. 1 states, “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster, lit. Rv 18:17.”
46 tn Or perhaps, “everyone who sails as a passenger.” On πλέων (plewn) BDAG 825 s.v. πλέω states, “πᾶς ὁ ἐπὶ τόπον πλέων everyone who sails to a place = seafarer, sea traveler…Rv 18:17. The vv.ll.…have led to various interpretations. Some render: everyone who sails along the coast…See EbNestle, Einführung in das Griech. NT 1909, 182; AFridrichsen, K. Hum. Vetensk.-Samf. i Upps. Årsb. ’43, 31 note ὁ ἐπίτοπον πλέων=one who sails occasionally, a passenger. – S. also IHeikel, StKr 106, ’34/’35, 317).”
47 tn Grk “and as many as.”
48 tn Here the imperfect ἔκραζον (ekrazon) has been translated ingressively.
49 tn Grk “from the burning of her, saying.” For the translation “the smoke from the fire that burned her up,” see L&N 14.63. Here the participle λέγοντες (legontes, “saying”) has not been translated because it is redundant in contemporary English.