Exodus 7:14

¹ The Lord said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is hard; ²  he refuses to release ³  the people.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh’s heart is unyielding; he refuses to let the people go.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh’s heart is stubborn; he refuses to let the people go.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh is very stubborn, and he continues to refuse to let the people go.

GOD said to Moses: "Pharaoh is a stubborn man. He refuses to release the people.

And the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh’s heart is unchanged; he will not let the people go.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "Pharaoh’s heart is hardened; he refuses to let the people go.

So the LORD said to Moses: "Pharaoh’s heart is hard; he refuses to let the people go.

¹ The Lord said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is hard; ²  he refuses to release ³  the people.

¹ sn With the first plague, or blow on Pharaoh, a new section of the book unfolds. Until now the dominant focus has been on preparing the deliverer for the exodus. From here the account will focus on preparing Pharaoh for it. The theological emphasis for exposition of the entire series of plagues may be: The sovereign Lord is fully able to deliver his people from the oppression of the world so that they may worship and serve him alone. The distinct idea of each plague then will contribute to this main idea. It is clear from the outset that God could have delivered his people simply and suddenly. But he chose to draw out the process with the series of plagues. There appear to be several reasons: First, the plagues are designed to judge Egypt. It is justice for slavery. Second, the plagues are designed to inform Israel and Egypt of the ability of Yahweh. Everyone must know that it is Yahweh doing all these things. The Egyptians must know this before they are destroyed. Third, the plagues are designed to deliver Israel. The first plague is the plague of blood: God has absolute power over the sources of life. Here Yahweh strikes the heart of Egyptian life with death and corruption. The lesson is that God can turn the source of life into the prospect of death. Moreover, the Nile was venerated; so by turning it into death Moses was showing the superiority of Yahweh.

² tn Or “unresponsive” (so HALOT 456 s.v. I כָּבֵד).

³ tn The Piel infinitive construct לְשַׁלַּח (lÿshallakh) serves as the direct object of מֵאֵן (me’en), telling what Pharaoh refuses (characteristic perfect) to do. The whole clause is an explanation (like a metonymy of effect) of the first clause that states that Pharaoh’s heart is hard.