Discovery BoxRevelation 6:2-17 
Context6:2 So 1 I looked, 2 and here came 3 a white horse! The 4 one who rode it 5 had a bow, and he was given a crown, 6 and as a conqueror 7 he rode out to conquer.
6:3 Then 8 when the Lamb 9 opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, “Come!” 6:4 And another horse, fiery red, 10 came out, and the one who rode it 11 was granted permission 12 to take peace from the earth, so that people would butcher 13 one another, and he was given a huge sword.
6:5 Then 14 when the Lamb opened the third seal I heard the third living creature saying, “Come!” So 15 I looked, 16 and here came 17 a black horse! The 18 one who rode it 19 had a balance scale 20 in his hand. 6:6 Then 21 I heard something like a voice from among the four living creatures saying, “A quart 22 of wheat will cost a day’s pay 23 and three quarts of barley will cost a day’s pay. But 24 do not damage the olive oil and the wine!”
6:7 Then 25 when the Lamb opened the fourth seal I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, “Come!” 6:8 So 26 I looked 27 and here came 28 a pale green 29 horse! The 30 name of the one who rode it 31 was Death, and Hades followed right behind. 32 They 33 were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill its population with the sword, 34 famine, and disease, 35 and by the wild animals of the earth.
6:9 Now 36 when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been violently killed 37 because of the word of God and because of the testimony they had given. 6:10 They 38 cried out with a loud voice, 39 “How long, 40 Sovereign Master, 41 holy and true, before you judge those who live on the earth and avenge our blood?” 6:11 Each 42 of them was given a long white robe and they were told to rest for a little longer, until the full number was reached 43 of both their fellow servants 44 and their brothers who were going to be killed just as they had been.
6:12 Then 45 I looked when the Lamb opened the sixth seal, and a huge 46 earthquake took place; the sun became as black as sackcloth made of hair, 47 and the full moon became blood red; 48 6:13 and the stars in the sky 49 fell to the earth like a fig tree dropping 50 its unripe figs 51 when shaken by a fierce 52 wind. 6:14 The sky 53 was split apart 54 like a scroll being rolled up, 55 and every mountain and island was moved from its place. 6:15 Then 56 the kings of the earth, the 57 very important people, the generals, 58 the rich, the powerful, and everyone, slave 59 and free, hid themselves in the caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 6:16 They 60 said to the mountains and to the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one who is seated on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb, 61 6:17 because the great day of their 62 wrath has come, and who is able to withstand it?” 63
1 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of hearing the voice summon the first rider.
2 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to come through the
3 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
4 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
5 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
sn The one who rode it. The identity of the first rider on the white horse has been discussed at great length by interpreters. Several answers are given: (1) A number understand the rider on the white horse to be Christ himself, identifying this horse and rider with the one mentioned in 19:11, where the identification is clear (cf. 19:13, 16). It must be noted, though, that there is little in common between the two riders beyond the white horse. The word for “crown” is different, the armament is different, and the context here is different (conquest vs. retribution), with three other horsemen bringing catastrophe following. (2) Others see the rider on the white horse representing a spirit of military conquest that dominates human history and leads to the catastrophes that follow. (3) Another possibility is that the white horse rider represents the Antichrist, who appears later in Rev 11:7; 13:17, and whose similarity to Christ explains the similarity with the rider in 19:11. This interpretation has been discussed at length by M. Rissi, “The Rider on the White Horse: A Study of Revelation 6:1-8,” Int 18 (1964): 407-18. This interpretation is the most probable one.
6 sn See the note on the word crown in Rev 3:11.
7 tn The participle νικῶν (nikwn) has been translated as substantival, the subject of the verb ἐξῆλθεν (exhlqen). Otherwise, as an adverbial participle of manner, it is somewhat redundant: “he rode out conquering and to conquer.”
8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
9 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the Lamb) has been specified in the translation for clarity here and throughout the rest of the chapter.
10 tn L&N 79.31 states, “‘fiery red’ (probably with a tinge of yellow or orange).”
11 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
12 tn The word “permission” is implied; Grk “it was given to him to take peace from the earth.”
13 tn BDAG 979 s.v. σφάζω states, “Of the killing of a person by violence…σφάζειν τινά butcher or murder someone (4 Km 10:7; Jer 52:10; Manetho: 609 fgm. 8, 76 Jac. [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 76]; Demetr.[?]: 722 fgm. 7; Ar. 10, 9) 1J 3:12; Rv 6:4. Pass. (Hdt. 5, 5) 5:9; 6:9; 18:24.”
14 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
15 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the summons by the third creature.
16 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to have come through the
17 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
18 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
19 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
20 sn A balance scale would have been a rod held by a rope in the middle with pans attached to both ends for measuring.
21 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
22 tn BDAG 1086 s.v. χοῖνιξ states, “a dry measure, oft. used for grain, approximately equivalent to one quart or one liter, quart. A χ.of grain was a daily ration for one pers.…Rv 6:6ab.”
23 tn Grk “a quart of wheat for a denarius.” A denarius was one day’s pay for an average worker. The words “will cost” are used to indicate the genitive of price or value; otherwise the English reader could understand the phrase to mean “a quart of wheat to be given as a day’s pay.”
24 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
25 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
26 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the summons by the fourth creature.
27 tc The reading “and I looked” (καὶ εἶδον, kai eidon) or some slight variation (e.g., ἶδον, idon) has excellent ms support ({א A C P 1611}) and its omission seems to have come through the
28 tn The phrase “and here came” expresses the sense of καὶ ἰδού (kai idou).
29 tn A sickly pallor, when referring to persons, or the green color of plants. BDAG 1085 s.v. χλωρός 2 states, “pale, greenish gray…as the color of a pers. in sickness contrasted with appearance in health…so the horse ridden by Death…ἵππος χλωρός Rv 6:8.” Because the color of the horse is symbolic, “pale green” is used in the translation. Cf. NIV, NCV “pale”; NASB “ashen.”
30 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
31 tn Grk “the one sitting on it.”
32 tn Grk “And Hades was following with him.” The Greek expression μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ (met’ autou, “with him”) is Semitic and indicates close proximity. The translation “followed right behind” reflects this.
33 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
34 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
35 tn Grk “with death.” θάνατος (qanatos) can in particular contexts refer to a manner of death, specifically a contagious disease (see BDAG 443 s.v. 3; L&N 23.158).
36 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of a new and somewhat different topic after the introduction of the four riders.
37 tn Or “murdered.” See the note on the word “butcher” in 6:4.
38 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
39 tn Grk “voice, saying”; the participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated here.
40 tn The expression ἕως πότε (ews pote) was translated “how long.” Cf. BDAG 423 s.v. ἕως 1.b.γ.
41 tn The Greek term here is δεσπότης (despoths; see L&N 37.63).
42 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
43 tn Grk “until they had been completed.” The idea of a certain “number” of people is implied by the subject of πληρωθῶσιν (plhrwqwsin).
44 tn Though σύνδουλος (sundoulos) has been translated “fellow servant,” the word does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving another. See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
45 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
46 tn Or “powerful”; Grk “a great.”
47 tn Or “like hairy sackcloth” (L&N 8.13).
48 tn Grk “like blood,” understanding αἷμα (aima) as a blood-red color rather than actual blood (L&N 8.64).
49 tn Or “in heaven” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”). The genitive τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (tou ouranou) is taken as a genitive of place.
50 tn Grk “throws [off]”; the indicative verb has been translated as a participle due to English style.
51 tn L&N 3.37 states, “a fig produced late in the summer season (and often falling off before it ripens) – ‘late fig.’ ὡς συκὴ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη ‘as the fig tree sheds its late figs when shaken by a great wind’ Re 6:13. In the only context in which ὄλυνθος occurs in the NT (Re 6:13), one may employ an expression such as ‘unripe fig’ or ‘fig which ripens late.’”
52 tn Grk “great wind.”
53 tn Or “The heavens were.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) can mean either “heaven” or “sky.”
54 tn BDAG 125 s.v. ἀποχωρίζω states, “ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη the sky was split Rv 6:14.” Although L&N 79.120 gives the meaning “the sky disappeared like a rolled-up scroll” here, a scroll that is rolled up does not “disappear,” and such a translation could be difficult for modern readers to understand.
55 tn On this term BDAG 317 s.v. ἑλίσσω states, “ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον like a scroll that is rolled up…Rv 6:14.”
56 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
57 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated; nor is it translated before each of the following categories, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
58 tn Grk “chiliarchs.” A chiliarch was normally a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).
59 tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.
60 tn Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
61 tn It is difficult to say where this quotation ends. The translation ends it after “withstand it” at the end of v. 17, but it is possible that it should end here, after “Lamb” at the end of v. 16. If it ends after “Lamb,” v. 17 is a parenthetical explanation by the author.
62 tc Most
63 tn The translation “to withstand (it)” for ἵστημι (Jisthmi) is based on the imagery of holding one’s ground in a military campaign or an attack (BDAG 482 s.v. B.4).
