¹ tn Grk “every man”; but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used in a generic sense here to stress humanity rather than masculinity.

² tn Grk “Let God be true, and every man a liar.” The words “proven” and “shown up” are supplied in the translation to clarify the meaning.

³ tn Grk “might be justified,” a subjunctive verb, but in this type of clause it carries the same sense as the future indicative verb in the latter part. “Will” is more idiomatic in contemporary English.

⁴ tn Or “prevail when you judge.” A quotation from Ps 51:4.

⁵ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:13.

⁶ tn Grk “that we might bear fruit to God.”

⁷ tn Or “are not controlled by the flesh but by the Spirit.”

⁸ sn The one who raised Jesus from the dead refers to God (also in the following clause).

⁹ tc Several mss read ᾿Ιησοῦν (Ihsoun, “Jesus”) after Χριστόν (Criston, “Christ”; א* A D* 630 1506 1739 1881 pc bo); C 81 104 lat have ᾿Ιησοῦν Χριστόν. The shorter reading is more likely to be original, though, both because of external evidence (א² B D² F G Ψ 33 Ï sa) and internal evidence (scribes were much more likely to add the name “Jesus” if it were lacking than to remove it if it were already present in the text, especially to harmonize with the earlier mention of Jesus in the verse).

¹⁰ tc Most mss (B D F G Ψ 33 1739 1881 Ï lat) have διά (dia) followed by the accusative: “because of his Spirit who lives in you.” The genitive “through his Spirit” is supported by א A C⁽*⁾ 81 104 1505 1506 al, and is slightly preferred.

¹¹ sn Paul uses a typical rabbinic formula here in which the OT scriptures are figuratively portrayed as speaking to Pharaoh. What he means is that the scripture he cites refers (or can be applied) to Pharaoh.

¹² sn A quotation from Exod 9:16.

¹³ tn Grk “O man.”

¹⁴ tn Grk “On the contrary, O man, who are you to talk back to God?”

¹⁵ sn A quotation from Isa 29:16; 45:9.

¹⁶ tn Grk “Israel did not ‘not know,’ did he?” The double negative in Greek has been translated as a positive affirmation for clarity (see v. 18 above for a similar situation).

¹⁷ sn A quotation from Deut 32:21.

¹⁸ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:13.

¹⁹ tn Or “Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in.”

²⁰ tn Grk “fullness.”

²¹ tn Grk “brother.”

²² tn Grk “on account of food.”

²³ tn Grk “according to love.”

²⁴ tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:13.

²⁵ tn Grk “and to be helped by you.” The passive construction was changed to an active one in the translation.