¹ tn The expression πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας (pw" eilhfa" kai hkousa") probably refers to the initial instruction in the Christian life they had received and been taught; this included doctrine and ethical teaching.

² tn Grk “keep it,” in the sense of obeying what they had initially been taught.

³ tn The negation here is with οὐ μή (ou mh, the strongest possible form of negation in Koine Greek).

⁴ tn Or “come on.”

⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

⁶ tn The words “just then” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

⁸ tn Grk “a reed” (but these were used for measuring). Cf. Ezek 40:3ff.

⁹ tn Grk “saying.”

¹⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the conclusion of the anticipated birth.

¹¹ tn On this term BDAG 135 s.v. ἄρσην states: “male…The neut. ἄρσεν Rv 12:5, difft. vs. 13, comes fr. Is 66:7 and is in apposition to υἱόν. On the juxtaposition s. FBoll, ZNW 15, 1914, 253; BOlsson, Glotta 23, ’34, 112.”

¹² tn Grk “shepherd.”

¹³ tn Or “all the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).

¹⁴ tn Or “scepter.” The Greek term ῥάβδος (rJabdo") can mean either “rod” or “scepter.”

sn An allusion to Ps 2:9 (see also Rev 2:27; 19:15).

¹⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

¹⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

¹⁷ tn Grk “having” (a continuation of the previous sentence). All of the pronouns referring to this beast (along with the second beast appearing in 13:11) could be translated as “it” because the word for beast (θηρίον, qhrion) is neuter gender in Greek and all the pronouns related to it are parsed as neuter in the Gramcord/Accordance database. Nevertheless, most interpreters would agree that the beast ultimately represents a human ruler, so beginning at the end of v. 4 the masculine pronouns (“he,” “him,” etc.) are used to refer to the first beast as well as the second beast appearing in 13:11.

¹⁸ tn For the translation of διάδημα (diadhma) as “diadem crown” see L&N 6.196.

sn Diadem crowns were a type of crown used as a symbol of the highest ruling authority in a given area, and thus often associated with kingship.

¹⁹ tc ‡ Several mss (A 051 1611 1854 2053 2344 2351 Ï^K) read the plural ὀνόματα (onomata, “[blasphemous] names”), while the singular ὄνομα (onoma, “name”) has somewhat better support (Ì⁴⁷ א C 1006 1841 2329 Ï^A). The plural reading seems motivated by the fact that what is written is written “on its heads.” In the least, it is a clarifying reading. NA²⁷ puts the plural in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity.

sn Whether this means a single name on all seven heads or seven names, one on each head, is not clear.

²⁰ tn The Greek pronoun is plural here even though the verbs in the previous verse are singular.

²¹ tn The present tense ἀναβαίνει (anabainei) has been translated as a futuristic present (ExSyn 535-36). This is also consistent with the future passive βασανισθήσεται (basanisqhsetai) in v. 10.

²² tn The present tense ἔχουσιν (ecousin) has been translated as a futuristic present to keep the English tense consistent with the previous verb (see note on “will go up” earlier in this verse).

²³ tn Grk “and.”

²⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

²⁵ sn The winepress was stomped. See Isa 63:3, where Messiah does this alone (usually several individuals would join in the process).

²⁶ tn L&N 6.7 states, “In Re 14:20 the reference to a bit and bridle is merely an indication of measurement, that is to say, the height of the bit and bridle from the ground, and one may reinterpret this measurement as ‘about a meter and a half’ or ‘about five feet.’”

²⁷ tn Grk “1,600 stades.” A stade was a measure of length about 607 ft (185 m). Thus the distance here would be 184 mi or 296 km.

²⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

²⁹ tn A new sentence was started here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

³⁰ tn The final clause could also be turned into an adverbial clause of means: “They will consume her flesh by burning her with fire.”

³¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

³² tn On the term ἐστρηνίασεν (estrhniasen) BDAG 949 s.v. στρηνιάω states, “live in luxury, live sensually Rv 18:7. W. πορνεύειν vs. 9.”

³³ tn Grk “from the burning of her.” For the translation “the smoke from the fire that burns her up,” see L&N 14.63.

³⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

³⁵ tn The shift here to past tense reflects the Greek text.

³⁶ tn On the phrase “broad plain of the earth” BDAG 823 s.v. πλάτος states, “τὸ πλάτος τῆς γῆς Rv 20:9 comes fr. the OT (Da 12:2 LXX. Cp. Hab 1:6; Sir 1:3), but the sense is not clear: breadth = the broad plain of the earth is perh. meant to provide room for the countless enemies of God vs. 8, but the ‘going up’ is better suited to Satan (vs. 7) who has recently been freed, and who comes up again fr. the abyss (vs. 3).” The referent here thus appears to be a plain large enough to accommodate the numberless hoards that have drawn up for battle against the Lord Christ and his saints.

³⁷ tn Or “surrounded.”

³⁸ tn On the term παρεμβολή (parembolh) BDAG 775 s.v. states, “Mostly used as a military t.t.…so always in our lit.…1. a (fortified) camp…ἡ παρεμβολὴ τῶν ἁγίων Rv 20:9 is also to be understood fr. the OT use of the word.”

³⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

⁴⁰ tn See L&N 20.45 for the translation of κατεσθίω (katesqiw) as “to destroy utterly, to consume completely.”