¹ tn The translation attempts to bring out the verbal idea in συγκοινωνός (sunkoinwno", “co-sharer”); John was suffering for his faith at the time he wrote this.

² tn The prepositional phrase ἐν ᾿Ιησοῦ (en Ihsou) could be taken with ὑπομονῇ (Jupomonh) as the translation does or with the more distant συγκοινωνός (sunkoinwno"), in which case the translation would read “your brother and the one who shares with you in Jesus in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance.”

³ tn The phrase “about Jesus” has been translated as an objective genitive.

⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

⁵ tn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out.

⁷ tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.”

⁸ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

⁹ tn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασάομαι states, “bite w. acc. τὰς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.”

¹⁰ tn The preposition ἐκ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense.

¹¹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

¹² tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.