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Revelation 1:15

Context
1:15 His feet were like polished bronze 1  refined 2  in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar 3  of many waters.

Revelation 3:18

Context
3:18 take my advice 4  and buy gold from me refined by fire so you can become rich! Buy from me 5  white clothing so you can be clothed and your shameful nakedness 6  will not be exposed, and buy eye salve 7  to put on your eyes so you can see!

1 tn The precise meaning of the term translated “polished bronze” (χαλκολιβάνῳ, calkolibanw), which appears nowhere else in Greek literature outside of the book of Revelation (see 2:18), is uncertain. Without question it is some sort of metal. BDAG 1076 s.v. χαλκολίβανον suggests “fine brass/bronze.” L&N 2.57 takes the word to refer to particularly valuable or fine bronze, but notes that the emphasis here and in Rev 2:18 is more on the lustrous quality of the metal.

2 tn Or “that has been heated in a furnace until it glows.”

3 tn Grk “sound,” but the idea is closer to the roar of a waterfall or rapids.

4 tn Grk “I counsel you to buy.”

5 tn Grk “rich, and.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation, repeating the words “Buy from me” to make the connection clear for the English reader.

6 tn Grk “the shame of the nakedness of you,” which has been translated as an attributed genitive like καινότητι ζωῆς (kainothti zwh") in Rom 6:4 (ExSyn 89-90).

7 sn The city of Laodicea had a famous medical school and exported a powder (called a “Phrygian powder”) that was widely used as an eye salve. It was applied to the eyes in the form of a paste the consistency of dough (the Greek term for the salve here, κολλούριον, kollourion [Latin collyrium], is a diminutive form of the word for a long roll of bread).



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