Discovery BoxRevelation 1:15 
Context1:15 His feet were like polished bronze 1 refined 2 in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar 3 of many waters.
Revelation 3:15
Context3:15 ‘I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. 4 I wish you were either cold or hot!
Revelation 5:14
Context5:14 And the four living creatures were saying “Amen,” and the elders threw themselves to the ground 5 and worshiped.
Revelation 8:2
Context8:2 Then 6 I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and seven trumpets were given to them.
Revelation 8:9
Context8:9 and a third of the creatures 7 living in the sea died, and a third of the ships were completely destroyed. 8
Revelation 19:14
Context19:14 The 9 armies that are in heaven, dressed in white, clean, fine linen, 10 were following him on white horses.
Revelation 20:14
Context20:14 Then 11 Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death – the lake of fire.
1 tn The precise meaning of the term translated “polished bronze” (χαλκολιβάνῳ, calkolibanw), which appears nowhere else in Greek literature outside of the book of Revelation (see 2:18), is uncertain. Without question it is some sort of metal. BDAG 1076 s.v. χαλκολίβανον suggests “fine brass/bronze.” L&N 2.57 takes the word to refer to particularly valuable or fine bronze, but notes that the emphasis here and in Rev 2:18 is more on the lustrous quality of the metal.
2 tn Or “that has been heated in a furnace until it glows.”
3 tn Grk “sound,” but the idea is closer to the roar of a waterfall or rapids.
4 sn Laodicea was near two other towns, each of which had a unique water source. To the north was Hierapolis which had a natural hot spring, often used for medicinal purposes. To the east was Colossae which had cold, pure waters. In contrast to these towns, Laodicea had no permanent supply of good water. Efforts to pipe water to the city from nearby springs were successful, but it would arrive lukewarm. The metaphor in the text is not meant to relate spiritual fervor to temperature. This would mean that Laodicea would be commended for being spiritually cold, but it is unlikely that Jesus would commend this. Instead, the metaphor condemns Laodicea for not providing spiritual healing (being hot) or spiritual refreshment (being cold) to those around them. It is a condemnation of their lack of works and lack of witness.
5 tn Grk “fell down.” BDAG 815 s.v. πίπτω 1.b.α.ב. has “fall down, throw oneself to the ground as a sign of devotion or humility, before high-ranking persons or divine beings.”
6 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
7 tn Or “a third of the living creatures in the sea”; Grk “the third of the creatures which were in the sea, the ones having life.”
8 tn On the term translated “completely destroyed,” L&N 20.40 states, “to cause the complete destruction of someone or something – ‘to destroy utterly.’ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθάρησαν ‘a third of the ships were completely destroyed’ Re 8:9.”
9 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
10 tn On the term translated “fine linen,” BDAG 185 s.v. βύσσινος states, “made of fine linen, subst. τὸ β. fine linen, linen garment…Rv 18:12, 16; 19:8, 14.”
11 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
