Discovery BoxIsaiah 48:4 
Context48:4 I did this 1 because I know how stubborn you are.
Your neck muscles are like iron
and your forehead like bronze. 2
Isaiah 57:17
Context57:17 I was angry because of their sinful greed;
I attacked them and angrily rejected them, 3
yet they remained disobedient and stubborn. 4
1 tn The words “I did this” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. In the Hebrew text v. 4 is subordinated to v. 3.
2 sn The image is that of a person who has tensed the muscles of the face and neck as a sign of resolute refusal.
3 tn Heb “and I struck him, hiding, and I was angry.” פָּנַיִם (panayim, “face”) is the implied object of “hiding.”
4 tn Heb “and he walked [as an] apostate in the way of his heart.”
