¹ tn Or “worked through”; the same word is also used in relation to Paul later in this verse.

² tn Or “his ministry as an apostle.”

³ tn Grk “to the circumcision,” i.e., the Jewish people.

⁴ tn Grk “also empowered me to the Gentiles.”

⁵ tn The Greek term υἱοθεσία (Juioqesia) was originally a legal technical term for adoption as a son with full rights of inheritance. BDAG 1024 s.v. notes, “a legal t.t. of ‘adoption’ of children, in our lit., i.e. in Paul, only in a transferred sense of a transcendent filial relationship between God and humans (with the legal aspect, not gender specificity, as major semantic component).” Although some modern translations remove the filial sense completely and render the term merely “adoption” (cf. NAB), the retention of this component of meaning was accomplished in the present translation by the phrase “as sons.”

⁶ tn Grk “walk” (a common NT idiom for how one conducts one’s life or how one behaves).

⁷ tn On the term “flesh” (once in this verse and twice in v. 17) see the note on the same word in Gal 5:13.

⁸ tn Or “instructs,” “imparts.”