Discovery BoxExodus 32:4 
Context32:4 He accepted the gold 1 from them, 2 fashioned 3 it with an engraving tool, and made a molten calf. 4 Then they said, “These are your gods, 5 O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.”
Exodus 32:19-20
Context32:19 When he approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses became extremely angry. 6 He threw the tablets from his hands and broke them to pieces at the bottom of the mountain. 7 32:20 He took the calf they had made and burned it in the fire, ground it 8 to powder, poured it out on the water, and made the Israelites drink it. 9
Exodus 32:24
Context32:24 So I said to them, ‘Whoever has gold, break it off.’ So they gave it 10 to me, and I threw it into the fire, and this calf came out.” 11
1 tn Here “the gold” has been supplied.
2 tn Heb “from their hand.”
3 tn The verb looks similar to יָצַר (yatsar), “to form, fashion” by a plan or a design. That is the verb used in Gen 2:7 for Yahweh God forming the man from the dust of the ground. If it is here, it is the reverse, a human – the dust of the ground – trying to form a god or gods. The active participle of this verb in Hebrew is “the potter.” A related noun is the word יֵצֶּר (yetser), “evil inclination,” the wicked designs or intent of the human heart (Gen 6:5). But see the discussion by B. S. Childs (Exodus [OTL], 555-56) on a different reading, one that links the root to a hollow verb meaning “to cast out of metal” (as in 1 Kgs 7:15).
4 sn The word means a “young bull” and need not be translated as “calf” (although “calf” has become the traditional rendering in English). The word could describe an animal three years old. Aaron probably made an inner structure of wood and then, after melting down the gold, plated it. The verb “molten” does not need to imply that the image was solid gold; the word is used in Isa 30:22 for gold plating. So it was a young bull calf that was overlaid with gold, and the gold was fashioned with the stylus.
5 tn The word could be singular here and earlier; here it would then be “this is your god, O Israel.” However, the use of “these” indicates more than one god was meant by the image. But their statement and their statue, although they do not use the holy name, violate the first two commandments.
6 tn Heb “and the anger of Moses burned hot.”
7 sn See N. M. Waldham, “The Breaking of the Tablets,” Judaism 27 (1978): 442-47.
8 tn Here “it” has been supplied.
9 tn Here “it” has been supplied.
sn Pouring the ashes into the water running from the mountain in the brook (Deut 9:21) and making them drink it was a type of the bitter water test that tested the wife suspected of unfaithfulness. Here the reaction of the people who drank would indicate guilt or not (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 419).
10 tn Here “it” has been supplied.
11 sn Aaron first tried to blame the people, and then he tried to make it sound like a miracle – was it to sound like one of the plagues where out of the furnace came life? This text does not mention it, but Deut 9:20 tells how angry God was with Aaron. Only intercession saved his life.
