Discovery BoxRomans 5:12-21 
Context5:12 So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people 1 because 2 all sinned – 5:13 for before the law was given, 3 sin was in the world, but there is no accounting for sin 4 when there is no law. 5:14 Yet death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the same way that Adam (who is a type 5 of the coming one) transgressed. 6 5:15 But the gracious gift is not like the transgression. 7 For if the many died through the transgression of the one man, 8 how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man Jesus Christ multiply to the many! 5:16 And the gift is not like the one who sinned. 9 For judgment, resulting from the one transgression, 10 led to condemnation, but 11 the gracious gift from the many failures 12 led to justification. 5:17 For if, by the transgression of the one man, 13 death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ!
5:18 Consequently, 14 just as condemnation 15 for all people 16 came 17 through one transgression, 18 so too through the one righteous act 19 came righteousness leading to life 20 for all people. 5:19 For just as through the disobedience of the one man 21 many 22 were made sinners, so also through the obedience of one man 23 many 24 will be made righteous. 5:20 Now the law came in 25 so that the transgression 26 may increase, but where sin increased, grace multiplied all the more, 5:21 so that just as sin reigned in death, so also grace will reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.
1 tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
2 tn The translation of the phrase ἐφ᾿ ᾧ (ef Jw) has been heavily debated. For a discussion of all the possibilities, see C. E. B. Cranfield, “On Some of the Problems in the Interpretation of Romans 5.12,” SJT 22 (1969): 324-41. Only a few of the major options can be mentioned here: (1) the phrase can be taken as a relative clause in which the pronoun refers to Adam, “death spread to all people in whom [Adam] all sinned.” (2) The phrase can be taken with consecutive (resultative) force, meaning “death spread to all people with the result that all sinned.” (3) Others take the phrase as causal in force: “death spread to all people because all sinned.”
3 tn Grk “for before the law.”
4 tn Or “sin is not reckoned.”
5 tn Or “pattern.”
6 tn Or “disobeyed”; Grk “in the likeness of Adam’s transgression.”
7 tn Grk “but not as the transgression, so also [is] the gracious gift.”
8 sn Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
9 tn Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”
10 tn The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.
11 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.
12 tn Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.
13 sn Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
14 tn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.
15 tn Grk “[it is] unto condemnation for all people.”
16 tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
17 tn There are no verbs in the Greek text of v. 18, forcing translators to supply phrases like “came through one transgression,” “resulted from one transgression,” etc.
18 sn One transgression refers to the sin of Adam in Gen 3:1-24.
19 sn The one righteous act refers to Jesus’ death on the cross.
20 tn Grk “righteousness of life.”
21 sn Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
22 tn Grk “the many.”
23 sn One man refers here to Jesus Christ.
24 tn Grk “the many.”
25 tn Grk “slipped in.”
26 tn Or “trespass.”
