⁴ sn Children of wrath is a Semitic idiom which may mean either “people characterized by wrath” or “people destined for wrath.”

² tn Heb “possessor of wrath.” Here “wrath” is an attributive (cf. ASV “a wrathful man”; KJV “a furious man”).

¹ tn Heb “the wrath of its strength.”

⁴ tn Heb “the generation of his wrath.”

³ tn Heb “the anger of his wrath.”

² tn Or “the wrath,” possibly referring back to the mention of wrath in 1:10.

¹ sn The coming wrath. This wrath is an important theme in 1 Thess 5.

¹ tn Grk “the wrath,” referring to God’s wrath as the remainder of the verse shows.

³ tn Grk “the wrath,” referring to God’s wrath as v. 10 shows.

¹ tn Heb “wrath.” Context clarifies that God’s wrath is in view.

¹ tn Heb “I am full of the wrath of the Lord.”

¹ tc Instead of “wrath” the Greek text has “sin,” focusing the emphasis on the human error and not on the wrath of God. This may have been a conscious change to explain the divine wrath.

¹ tn The word “wrath” probably refers to divine wrath for the wicked. Many commentators change this word to read “they,” or more precisely, “these things.”

¹ tn Grk “its wrath”; the referent (the governing authorities) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

² tn Grk “in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God.”

¹ tn Aram “in anger and wrath”; NASB “in rage and anger.” The expression is a hendiadys.

² tn Heb “and my anger, it supported me”; NIV “my own wrath sustained me.”

³ tn Heb “console myself” (i.e., by getting revenge); NRSV “pour out my wrath on.”

¹ tn Heb “the anger and the wrath.” This construction is a hendiadys intended to intensify the emotion.

⁵ tn Grk “the cup of the wine of the anger of the wrath of him.” The concatenation of four genitives has been rendered somewhat differently by various translations (see the note on the word “wrath”).