¹ tn Heb “the violence.”

³ tn Heb “Violence and destruction.”

¹ tn Heb “are full of violence.”

³ tn Heb “the sons of violence.”

¹ tn Heb “they filled your midst with violence.”

¹ tn Heb “witnesses of violence rise up.”

³ tn Heb “with no violence in my hands.”

² tn Heb “violence of the wicked.” This is a subjective genitive: “violence which the wicked do.”

¹ tn Heb “man of violence.” He influences his friends toward violence. The term חָמָס (khamas, “violence”) often refers to sins against society, social injustices, and crimes.

² tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).

¹ tn Heb “for the violence against Lebanon will cover you.”

² tn Heb “Violence and destruction are heard in it.”

² tn Heb “and on his forehead his violence [i.e., the violence he intended to do to others] comes down.”

² tn Heb “him who covers his garment with violence” (similar ASV, NRSV). Here “garment” is a metaphor for appearance and “violence” a metonymy of effect for cause. God views divorce as an act of violence against the victim.

³ tn Heb “the violence of your brother.” The genitive construction is to be understood as an objective genitive. The meaning is not that Jacob has perpetrated violence (= subjective genitive) but that violence has been committed against him (= objective genitive).

¹ tn The “violence” (שֹׁד, shod) drags away the wicked, probably either to do more sin or to their punishment. “Violence” here is either personified, or it is a metonymy of cause, meaning “the outcome of their violence” drags them away.

⁵ tn The syntax of this line is ambiguous. The translation takes “the mouth of the wicked” as the nominative subject and “violence” as the accusative direct object; however, the subject might be “violence,” hence: “violence covers the mouth of the wicked.”

² tn Heb “a garment of violence covers them.” The metaphor suggests that violence is habitual for the wicked. They “wear” it like clothing; when one looks at them, violence is what one sees.

³ tn Heb “who fill…with violence and deceit.” The expression “violence and deceit” refers metonymically to the wealth taken by oppressive measures.

² tn Heb “violence and destruction.” The expression “violence and destruction” stand metonymically for the goods the oppressors have accumulated by their unjust actions.