³ tn Grk “in season, out of season.”

² tn Grk “the coming [season].”

⁴ tn Or “seasonal streams.”

⁵ tn Heb “in its season.”

⁴ sn Rue was an evergreen herb used for seasoning.

³ tn Heb “in its season” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV).

² tn Heb “wadi,” a seasonal watercourse through a valley.

¹ tn Heb “will reach for you the vintage season.”

² tn Heb “and you give to them their food in its season” (see Ps 104:27).

² tn Grk “the wadi of the Kidron,” or “the ravine of the Kidron” (a wadi is a stream that flows only during the rainy season and is dry during the dry season).

¹ tn Grk “concerning the times and the seasons,” a reference to future periods of eschatological fulfillment (cf. Acts 1:7).

³ sn Cumin (alternately spelled cummin) was an aromatic herb native to the Mediterranean region. Its seeds were used for seasoning.

³ sn The river of Egypt is a wadi (a seasonal stream) on the northeastern border of Egypt, not the River Nile.

³ tn The text has “for signs and for seasons and for days and years.” It seems likely from the meanings of the words involved that “signs” is the main idea, followed by two categories, “seasons” and “days and years.” This is the simplest explanation, and one that matches vv. 11-13. It could even be rendered “signs for the fixed seasons, that is [explicative vav (ו)] days and years.”

¹ sn He would not consent. Paul probably refused because he wanted to reach Jerusalem for the festival season before the seas became impassable during the winter.

³ tn Heb “in its season.” To say the right thing at the right time is useful; to say the right thing at the wrong time is counterproductive.

² tn Heb “prudent.” The term מַשְׂכִּיל (maskil) refers to a wise and so successful person. He seizes the opportunity, knowing the importance of the season.

² tn The expression is “the turn of the year,” which is parallel to “the going out of the year,” and means the end of the agricultural season.

³ sn Let them be for signs. The point is that the sun and the moon were important to fix the days for the seasonal celebrations for the worshiping community.

¹ sn The plural years suggests that the plague to which Joel refers was not limited to a single season. Apparently the locusts were a major problem over several successive years. One season of drought and locust invasion would have been bad enough. Several such years would have been devastating.