¹ tn Heb “as the devastation of Shalman.” The genitive noun שַׁלְמַן (shalman, “Shalman”) functions as a subjective genitive: “as Shalman devastated [Beth Arbel].”

¹ tn “Beth Shean” is a variant spelling of “Beth Shan.”

¹ tn Heb “the people living in Beth Shemesh or the people living in Beth Anath.”

³ sn The name Beth Leaphrah means “house of dust.”

² tn Heb “Beth Millo which goes down [toward] Silla.”

³ tn Or “Arameans of Beth Rehob and Arameans of Zobah.”

¹ tn Or “it included in the valley, Beth Haram.”

⁴ sn The place name Beth Ezel means “house of nearness” or “house of proximity” in Hebrew.

⁴ sn See the note on the place name Beth Aven in 4:15.

¹ sn See the note on the place name Beth Aven in 4:15.

² tn The expression בַּעוֹז (baʿoz) employs a beth essentiae, meaning he “is strong,” not “in strength.”

¹ tn The preposition serves as the beth essentiae—the glory is the abundant population, not in it.

³ tn The parallel text of 2 Sam 10:6 has “Aram Beth Rehob and Aram Zobah.”

⁵ tn Heb “the lamentation of Beth Ezel.” The following words could be the lamentation offered up by Beth Ezel (subjective genitive) or the mourning song sung over it (objective genitive).

⁵ tn Many associate the name “Beth Eden” with Bit Adini, an Aramean state located near the Euphrates River, but it may be a sarcastic epithet meaning “house of pleasure.”

¹ sn Beth Aven means “house of wickedness” in Hebrew; it is a polemic reference to “Bethel,” which means “house of God” (cf. CEV “at sinful Bethel”).

¹ tn Heb “the men of the house of Azmaveth”; some regard בֵּית (bet, “house of”) as a part of the place name: NAB, NLT “Beth Azmaveth.”

³ tn Or (if בֵּית [beth] is translated as “house” rather than considered to be part of the name) “the father of the house [i.e., family] of Rechab.”

¹ tc The LXX and Syriac read “to Baal Peor,” that is, the god worshiped at that place; see note on the name “Beth Peor” in Deut 3:29.

³ tc The translation assumes a masculine plural imperative. If one were to emend בְּבֵית (b^evet) to בֵית (vet), Beth Leaphrah would then be the addressee and the feminine singular imperative (see Qere) could be retained, “O Beth Leaphrah, sit in the dust.”