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Discovery Box| (0.27) | (Psa 22:15) | 4 sn The imperfect verbal form draws attention to the progressive nature of the action. The psalmist is in the process of dying. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 22:7) | 3 sn Shake their heads. Apparently this refers to a taunting gesture. See also Job 16:4; Ps 109:25; Lam 2:15. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 22:1) | 3 sn From the psalmist’s perspective it seems that God has abandoned him, for he fails to answer his cry for help (vv. 1b-2). |
| (0.27) | (Psa 21:12) | 2 tn Heb “with your bowstrings you fix against their faces,” i.e., “you fix your arrows on the bowstrings to shoot at them.” |
| (0.27) | (Psa 21:9) | 2 tn Heb “at the time of your face.” The “face” of the king here refers to his angry presence. See Lam 4:16. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 21:8) | 1 tn The king is now addressed. One could argue that the Lord is still being addressed, but v. 9 militates against this proposal, for there the Lord is mentioned in the third person and appears to be distinct from the addressee (unless, of course, one takes “Lord” in v. 9 as vocative; see the note on “them” in v. 9b). Verse 7 begins this transition to a new addressee by referring to both the king and the Lord in the third person (in vv. 1-6 the Lord is addressed and only the king referred to in the third person). |
| (0.27) | (Psa 21:4) | 1 tn Heb “life he asked from you.” Another option is to translate the perfect verbal forms in v. 4 with the present tense, “he asks…you grant.” |
| (0.27) | (Psa 19:5) | 4 sn Like a strong man. The metaphorical language reflects the brilliance of the sunrise, which attests to the sun’s vigor. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 19:7) | 2 tn Traditionally, “the testimony of the Lord.” The noun עֵדוּת (ʿedut) refers here to the demands of God’s covenant law. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 19:7) | 1 tn Heb “[it] restores life.” Elsewhere the Hiphil of שׁוּב (shuv, “return”) when used with נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh, “life”) as object, means to “rescue or preserve one’s life” (Job 33:30; Ps 35:17) or to “revive one’s strength” (emotionally or physically; cf. Ruth 4:15; Lam 1:11, 16, 19). Here the point seems to be that the law preserves the life of the one who studies it by making known God’s will. Those who know God’s will know how to please him and can avoid offending him. See v. 11a. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 18:47) | 2 tn Heb “is the one who grants vengeance to me.” The plural form of the noun indicates degree here, suggesting complete vengeance or vindication. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 18:43) | 1 tn Heb “from the strivings of a people.” In this context the Hebrew term רִיב (riv, “striving”) probably has a militaristic sense (as in Judg 12:2; Isa 41:11), and עָם (ʿam, “people”) probably refers more specifically to an army (for other examples, see the verses listed in BDB 766 s.v. I עַם, עָם 2.d). Some understand the phrase as referring to attacks by the psalmist’s own countrymen, the “nation” being Israel. However, foreign enemies appear to be in view; note the reference to “nations” in the following line. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 18:41) | 2 tn Heb “to the Lord.” The words “they cry out” are supplied in the translation because they are understood by ellipsis (see the preceding line). |
| (0.27) | (Psa 18:41) | 2 sn They cry out. This reference to the psalmist’s enemies crying out for help to the Lord suggests that the psalmist refers here to enemies within the covenant community, rather than foreigners. However, the militaristic context suggests foreign enemies are in view. Ancient Near Eastern literature indicates that defeated enemies would sometimes cry out for mercy to the god(s) of their conqueror. See R. B. Chisholm, “An Exegetical and Theological Study of Psalm 18/2 Samuel 22” (Th.D. diss., Dallas Theological Seminary, 1983), 271. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 18:32) | 3 sn Gives me strength. As the following context makes clear, this refers to physical and emotional strength for battle (see especially v. 39). |
| (0.27) | (Psa 17:9) | 2 tn Heb “destroy.” The psalmist uses the perfect verbal form to emphasize the degree of danger. He describes the wicked as being already in the process of destroying him. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 17:14) | 2 tn Heb “from men, from [the] world.” On the emendation of “men” to “murderers,” see the preceding note on the word “murderers.” |
| (0.27) | (Psa 17:12) | 1 tn Here the psalmist switches to the singular pronoun; he views his enemies collectively, or singles out a representative of the group, perhaps its leader. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 17:9) | 1 tn Heb “from before”; or “because.” In the Hebrew text v. 9 is subordinated to v. 8. The words “protect me” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons. |
| (0.27) | (Psa 16:1) | 3 tn The Hebrew perfect verbal form probably refers here to a completed action with continuing results (see 7:1; 11:1). |
