² tn The construction uses the infinitive construct followed by the subjective genitive to form a temporal clause.

³ tn Heb “very heavy” or “very severe.” The subject “the hail” is implied.

¹ tn The word “he” represents the Hebrew independent pronoun, which makes the subject emphatic.

² tn The verb has no expressed subject and so it may be translated as passive.

¹ tn The construction uses the infinitive construct after the preposition, followed by the subjective genitive.

¹ tn Heb “drove away,” but this is subject to misunderstanding in contemporary English.

¹ tn The disjunctive clause structure (conjunction + noun/subject) is used to highlight the statement.

² tn Heb “that they dug.” Since the subject is indefinite, the verb is translated as passive.

² tn The verb has no expressed subject and so is given a passive translation.

³ tn Heb “and [one] gave.” The verb without an expressed subject may be translated as passive.

³ tn The disjunctive clause (with the compound subject preceding the verb) may be circumstantial and temporal.

¹ tn The disjunctive clause (conjunction + subject + verb) introduces a new episode in the ongoing narrative.

³ sn It is unclear whether the phrase it will be revealed by fire describes the Day (subject of the previous clause) or each one’s work (subject of the clause before that).

⁵ tn The syntax of this line is ambiguous. The translation takes “the mouth of the wicked” as the nominative subject and “violence” as the accusative direct object; however, the subject might be “violence,” hence: “violence covers the mouth of the wicked.”

¹ tn The verb means “to filter; to refine,” and so a plural subject with the drops of water as the subject will not work. So many read the singular, “he distills.”

² tn The Niphal verb יֵעָנֶה (yeʿaneh, “he answered”) would normally require a personal subject, but “abundance” functions as the subject in this sentence. The nuance of the imperfect is obligatory.

² tn The imperfect verb is in the plural, suggesting “they crush.” But since there is no subject expressed, the verb may be given an impersonal subject, or more simply, treated as a passive (see GKC 460 §144.g).

¹ tn There is no expressed subject in the initial temporal clause. It simply says, “and in the assembling the assembly.” But since the next verb is the second person of the verb, that may be taken as the intended subject here.

² tn An infinitive construct with a preposition and a pronominal suffix is used to make a temporal clause: “in the going in of the year.” The word “year” is the subjective genitive, the subject of the clause.

³ tn Heb “why he called.” One could understand “Jacob” as the subject of the verb, but it is more likely that the subject is indefinite, in which case the verb is better translated as passive.