² sn The analogy is that they received his words eagerly as the dry ground opens to receive the rains.

² tn The words “the ground” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.

¹ tn Heb “and all Israel was crossing over on dry ground until all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan.”

² tn The Hebrew word translated “rich,” when applied to products of the ground, means abundant in quantity and quality.

² tn The verb means “to bow down to the ground.” It is used to describe worship and obeisance to masters.

⁴ tn This Hebrew word literally means “to bow oneself close to the ground.” It often means “to worship.”

² tn The Hebrew term אֶרֶץ (ʾerets) can mean “[the] earth,” “land,” “region,” “piece of ground,” or “ground” depending on the context. Here the term specifically refers to the plot of ground on which Jacob was lying, but at the same time this stands by metonymy for the entire land of Canaan.

¹ tn Grk “falling therefore the slave bowed down to the ground.” The redundancy of this expression signals the desperation of the slave in begging for mercy.

² tn Grk “The one sown on rocky ground, this is the one.” The next two statements like this one have this same syntactical structure.

² tn Heb “and I will rebuke for you the eater and it will not ruin for you the fruit of the ground.”

² tn Joel uses intentionally alliterative language in the phrases שֻׁדַּד שָׂדֶה (shuddad sadeh, “the field is destroyed”) and אֲבְלָה אֲדָמָה (ʾav^elah ʾadamah, “the ground is in mourning”).

³ tc Two medieval Hebrew MSS and the LXX have a passive verb here: “truth was hurled to the ground” (cf. NIV, NCV, TEV).

² sn When the people of Judah realized the Babylonians’ intentions, they would object on grounds that they had made a treaty with the Babylonian king (see 17:13).

² tn “The pasture-ground on the everflowing river,” according to KBL 42 s.v. I אֵיתָן 1. The “everflowing river” refers to the Jordan.

¹ tn Heb “she will be empty, on the ground she will sit.” Jerusalem is personified as a destitute woman who sits mourning the empty city.

¹ tn Heb “his spirit goes out, it returns to his ground; in that day his plans die.” The singular refers to the representative man mentioned in v. 3b.

⁵ sn Dark regions refers to Sheol, which the psalmist views as a dark place located deep in the ground (see Ps 88:6).

¹ tn “Swallow the ground” is a metaphor for the horse’s running. Gray renders the line: “quivering and excited he dashes into the fray.”

¹ sn Job knows that he will die, and that his death, signified here by blood on the ground, will cry out for vindication.

¹ tn Heb “The sons of Benjamin came out of Gibeah and they struck down in Israel that day 22,000 men to the ground.”