² tn The verb “pray” is the Hitpael from the root פָּלַל (palal). That root has the main idea of arbitration; so in this stem it means “to seek arbitration [for oneself],” or “to pray,” or “to intercede.”

¹ tc The translation follows many medieval Hebrew mss in reading וַיִּפְצְרוּ (vayyifts^eru, “and they pressed”; from the root פָּצַר, patsar) rather than the MT’s וַיִּפְרְצוּ (vayyifr^etsu, “and they broke forth”; from the root פָּרַץ, parats).

¹ tc The translation follows the Syriac Peshitta and Vulgate which assume a reading אֶסְפָךְ (ʾesfak, “I sweep you away,” from the root סָפָה [safah]) rather than the MT אֹסִפְךָ (ʾosif^eka, “I am gathering you,” from the root אָסַף [ʾasaf]).

³ tn The verb form appears to be a causative imperative from a verbal root meaning “to kneel.” It is a homonym of the word “bless” (identical in root letters but not related etymologically).

¹ sn Palestinian weeds like these thorns could grow up to 6 feet in height and have a major root system.

¹ sn Palestinian weeds like these thorns could grow up to 6 feet in height and have a major root system.

¹ sn Palestinian weeds like these thorns could grow up to 6 feet in height and have a major root system.

³ tn Heb “dispossess.” This root is repeated in the following line to emphasize poetic justice: The punishment will fit the crime.

³ tn Or “there will be no strong arm or large army when it is pulled up by the roots.”

³ tn The translation is deliberate, intending to reflect the repetition of the Hebrew root, which is “swirl/swirling.”

¹ tn Heb “The remnant of the house of Judah that is left will add roots below and produce fruit above.”

¹ tn Heb “in Abaddon,” a name for Sheol. The noun is derived from a verbal root meaning “to perish,” “to die.”

³ tn Heb “forgetfulness.” The noun, which occurs only here in the OT, is derived from a verbal root meaning “to forget.”

¹ tn The imperative is followed by the infinitive absolute from the same root to express the intensity of the verb.

² tn The same root is used here (רִיב, riv, “dispute, contention”) as in v. 6b (see note).

¹ tc The MT understands the root here to be יָרֵא (yareʾ, “to fear”) rather than רָאָה (raʾah, “to see”).

¹ tn Heb “The remnant of the house of Judah that is left will add roots below and produce fruit above.”

² tn The verb used here is from the same root as the noun “hammer” in the preceding line.

² tn Heb “covered in” (if from the root סָפַן, safan; cf. HALOT 764-65 s.v. ספן qal).

¹ tn Now the sentence uses the Niphal perfect with a vav (ו) consecutive from the same root לָוָה (lavah).