¹ tn Or “islands.” The term here refers metonymically to those people who dwell in these regions.

¹ tn 2 Sam 8:1 identifies this region as “Metheg Ammah.”

² sn The place is unknown; it is apparently an important city in the region.

³ tn On “goat demons” of the desert regions see the note on Lev 16:8.

⁵ sn Negev is the name for the southern desert region in the land of Canaan.

³ sn Aram Naharaim means in Hebrew “Aram of the Two Rivers,” a region in northern Mesopotamia.

¹ sn Negev is the name for the southern desert region in the land of Canaan.

¹ sn Negev is the name for the southern desert region in the land of Canaan.

² sn Negev is the name for the southern desert region in the land of Canaan.

⁴ sn The descendants of Canaan lived in the region of Phoenicia (Palestine).

² sn Here Amorites refers to smaller groups of Canaanite inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Palestine, rather than the large waves of Amurru, or western Semites, who migrated to the region.

² tn Grk “firstfruit.” This is a figurative use referring to Epenetus as the first Christian convert in the region.

² sn Troas was a port city (and surrounding region) on the northwest coast of Asia Minor. See v. 8.

³ sn Troas was a port city (and surrounding region) on the northwest coast of Asia Minor, near ancient Troy.

³ sn Cumin (alternately spelled cummin) was an aromatic herb native to the Mediterranean region. Its seeds were used for seasoning.

² sn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, sh^ephelah) are the region between the Judean hill country and the Mediterranean coastal plain.

² tn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, sh^ephelah) are the transition region between the hill country and the coastal plains.

¹ sn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, sh^ephelah) are the region between the Judean hill country and the Mediterranean coastal plain.

¹ sn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, shephelah) are the region between the Judean hill country and the Mediterranean coastal plain.

² sn Shechem stands for the territory west of the Jordan, the Valley of Sukkoth for the region east of the Jordan.