² tn Heb “received their inheritance, which Moses had assigned to them beyond the Jordan to the east.”

⁴ sn The slopes of Pisgah lie east of the northern tip of the Dead Sea.

⁵ sn The descendants of Sabteca settled in Samudake, east toward the Persian Gulf.

⁴ sn Madai was the ancestor of the Medes, who lived east of Assyria.

³ tn The word for “east wind,” קָדִים (qadim), is parallel to “spirit/wind” also in Hos 12:2. The east wind is maleficent, but here in the parallelism it is so much hot air.

² tn Heb “Hazael struck them down in all the territory of Israel, from the Jordan on the east.” In the Hebrew text the phrase “from the Jordan on the east” begins v. 33.

¹ sn The eagle was often used in the ancient Near East as a symbol of strength and swiftness.

¹ sn See further Jer 49:7-22 for the judgment against Edom. Edom, Moab, and Ammon were east of Judah.

² sn Shechem stands for the territory west of the Jordan, the Valley of Sukkoth for the region east of the Jordan.

¹ tn Heb “Midian, Amalek, and the sons of the east were falling in the valley like locusts in great number.”

⁶ sn Ashtaroth is probably Tell ʿAshtarah, about 22 mi (35 km) due east of the Sea of Galilee.

⁴ tn Heb “left.” Directions in ancient Israel were given in relation to the east rather than the north.

² sn The Casluhites lived in Crete and eventually settled east of the Egyptian Delta, between Egypt and Canaan.

² tn Or “placed in front.” Directions in ancient Israel were given in relation to the east rather than the north.

¹ tn Heb “from the east” or “from the front.” When used to designate a location, the noun קֶדֶם (qedem) may mean “front” (BDB 869 s.v. קֶדֶם 1.a) or “east” (BDB 869 s.v. 1.b). The construction קֶדֶם + preposition מִן (min, “from”) means “from the front” = “in front of” (Job 23:8; Ps 139:5; Isa 9:11) or “from the east” = “eastward, on the east side” (Gen 3:21; 12:8; Num 34:11; Josh 7:2; Ezek 11:23). Because the morning sunrise beat down upon Jonah (v. 8) and the main city gate of Nineveh opened to the east, the term probably means “on the east side” of the city. But “in front of” the city would mean the same in this case.

² sn The expression left it behind on our port side here means “sailed past to the south of it” since the ship was sailing east.

⁵ sn From the Benjamin Gate…on to the Corner Gate marks the northern wall of the city of Jerusalem from east to west.

² tn That is, from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Dead Sea in the east—namely, across the whole land.

³ sn The Kidron Valley is the valley that joins the Hinnom Valley in the southeastern corner of the city and runs northward on the east side of the city.

⁴ tn The words “on the east” and “north” are not in the text but are supplied in the translation to give orientation.