² tn Or “by wild animals.”

⁴ tn Heb “[wild] game of animal.”

¹ tn Grk “wild waves of the sea.”

⁴ tn Heb “the joy of wild donkeys, a pasture for flocks.”

⁴ tn Heb “the beasts of the field,” referring to wild as opposed to domesticated animals.

¹ tn Heb “the beasts of the field,” referring to wild as opposed to domesticated animals.

² tn Heb “wild grapes,” i.e., sour ones (also in v. 4).

⁵ tc The MT reads “earth”; the Syriac reads “wild animals” (cf. NRSV).

³ tn Heb “of the field.” The Hebrew term refers to open fields or open country as the home of wild animals; if taken adjectivally this could modify the previous term: “wild young does” (cf. NRSV).

¹ tn Heb “jackals.” The term “jackals” is a synecdoche of the particular (= jackals) for the general (= wild animals).

² sn The wild beast of the reeds probably refers to a hippopotamus, which in turn symbolizes the nation of Egypt.

¹ sn Psalm 59. The psalmist calls down judgment on his foreign enemies, whom he compares to ravenous wild dogs.

⁴ sn The image of the powerful wild ox continues; see the note on the phrase “drive back” in the preceding line.

¹ tn Heb “the sons of pride.” In Job 41:26 the expression refers to carnivorous wild beasts.

² tn The term κύνες (kunes) refers to “wild” dogs (either “street” dogs or watchdogs), not house pets (L&N 4.34).

¹ tn The words “by a wild animal” are not in the Hebrew text but have been supplied in the translation as a clarification of the circumstances.

² sn The image behind the language of vv. 4-5 is that of a powerful wild ox that confidently raises its head before its enemies.

² sn The Hebrew verb translated “drive back” is literally “gore”; the imagery is that of a powerful wild ox that “gores” its enemies and tramples them underfoot.

⁴ tn Heb “from the hand.” Here “hand” is understood by metonymy as a reference to the “paw” and thus the “claws” of the wild dogs.

² tn The Hebrew term רֵמִים (remim) appears to be an alternate spelling of רְאֵמִים (r^eʾemim, “wild oxen”; see BDB 910 s.v. רְאֵם).