¹ tn Or “pained.”

³ tn “labor, painful toil.”

¹ tn Or “caused him pain.”

³ tn Grk a singular “birth pain.”

² tn Heb “from the pain of the heart.”

³ tn Heb “and my pain was stirred up.” Emotional pain is in view here.

⁵ tn Or “in terrible pain” (L&N 24.92).

¹ tn Heb “and my pain [is] before me continually.”

² tn Heb “which they know, each his pain and his affliction.”

² tn Heb “which they know, each the pain of his heart.”

³ sn The term translated pains is frequently used to describe pains associated with giving birth (see Rev 12:2). So there is irony here in the mixed metaphor.

¹ tn The word כְּאֵב (k^eʾev) means “pain”—both mental and physical pain. The translation of “grief” captures only part of its emphasis.

¹ tn Heb “they will be in pain at the report of Tyre.”

² tn Or perhaps, “bent over [in pain]”; cf. NRSV “I am bowed down.”

¹ tn Heb “may the painful cry of the prisoner come before you.”

¹ tn In Hebrew the name יַעְבֵּץ (yaʿbets, “Jabez”) sounds like the noun עֹצֶב (ʿotsev) which means “pain.”

⁴ tn Heb “affliction,” which must refer here to Hagar’s painful groans of anguish.

⁴ tn The word חִילָה (khilah) also occurs only here, but is connected to the verb חִיל / חוּל (khil / khul, “to writhe in pain”). E. Dhorme says that by extension the meaning denotes the cause of this trembling or writhing—terrifying pain. The final clause, לֹא יַחְמוֹל (loʾ yakhmol, “it has no pity”), serves as a kind of epithet, modifying “pain” in general. If that pain has no pity or compassion, it is a ruthless pain (E. Dhorme, Job, 82).

¹ tn The contrast in this proverb is between the “joyful heart” (Heb “a heart of joy,” using an attributive genitive) and the “painful heart” (Heb “pain of the heart,” using a genitive of specification).

⁴ tn This question is interjected parenthetically, perhaps to express rhetorically the pain and despair felt by the Babylonians’ victims.