¹ tn Or perhaps “break”; or “defeat.”

¹ tn Or “you have indeed defeated Edom.”

¹ tn Heb “you say [to yourself], ‘look, you have defeated Edom.’”

³ tn The words “in defeat” are added in the translation for clarification.

¹ tn Heb “of your shame.” The “shame,” however, applies to the devastating defeat they will suffer.

² tn Heb “they stumbled and fell.” The words “in defeat” are added for clarity. The picture is not simply of having fallen down physically; it implies not getting up and therefore being defeated in battle. The account either moves ahead from the process of defeating Egypt to its defeat, or it follows a couple of soldiers amid the skirmish of v. 4 to their demise.

¹ sn Psalm 92. The psalmist praises God because he defeats the wicked and vindicates his loyal followers.

³ tn Heb “be exalted over me.” Perhaps one could translate, “How long will my enemy defeat me?”

³ tn The words “he defeated” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

³ tn Heb “Let about two thousand men or about three thousand men go up to defeat Ai.”

² sn The precise geographical location of the Israelite defeat at this “steep slope” is uncertain.

⁴ sn The reference to noon may suggest a sudden, quick defeat (see Jer 6:4; 15:8).

¹ tn The construction vav (ו) + subject highlights the contrast between the exalted Lord and his defeated foes (see v. 6).

³ tn Heb “the sound of the answering of weakness,” meaning the cry of the defeated (U. Cassuto, Exodus, 415).

³ tn For the comments on this verb see the discussion in v. 4. God would get glory by defeating Egypt.

³ tn The word “defeated” is added for clarity. The picture is not simply of having fallen down physically; it implies not getting up and therefore being defeated in battle. The verbs in this verse are in the perfect conjugation, translated past tense for the dynamic verbs and present tense for the stative verb (“fill”). This verse speaks from the same perspective as v. 2, which indicates that Egypt has been defeated.

¹ tn Heb “and the riders on horses will be put to shame,” figurative for the defeat of mounted troops. The word “enemy” in the translation is supplied from context.

⁵ sn Hissing (or whistling) and shaking the fist were apparently ways of taunting a defeated foe or an object of derision in the culture of the time.

⁴ sn The Lord’s right hand represents his military power. He will force the Babylonians to experience the same humiliating defeat they inflicted on others.

¹ sn The passage jumps forward in time here, moving from the Egyptian army being summoned to battle to a description of their being routed in defeat.