³ sn Bozrah was a city located in northern Edom.

⁷ sn The name Dedan is associated with ʿUla in northern Arabia.

² sn Ashkenaz was the ancestor of a northern branch of Indo-Germanic tribes, possibly Scythians. For discussion see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (SBA), 63.

⁴ sn Samothrace is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea.

³ sn Bithynia was a province in northern Asia Minor northeast of Mysia.

² sn Cyrene was a city on the northern African coast west of Egypt.

² sn These towns marked Judah’s northern and southern borders, respectively, at the time of Josiah.

² sn In vv. 24-29 Samaria stands for the entire northern kingdom of Israel.

⁴ sn The slopes of Pisgah lie east of the northern tip of the Dead Sea.

³ sn Aram Naharaim means in Hebrew “Aram of the Two Rivers,” a region in northern Mesopotamia.

¹ sn The descendants of Gomer were all northern tribes of the Upper Euphrates.

³ sn The Cyrenian refers to a native of the city of Cyrene, on the coast of northern Africa west of Egypt.

⁵ sn Joseph (= Ephraim and Manasseh), as the most prominent of the Israelite tribes, represents the entire northern kingdom.

² sn Here Joseph (= Ephraim and Manasseh), as the most prominent of the Israelite tribes, represents the entire northern kingdom.

¹ tn Heb “the descendants of Ephraim.” However, Ephraim here stands (as it often does) for all the northern tribes of Israel.

² sn The two “houses” of Israel (= the patriarch Jacob) are the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.

¹ tn Heb “the sons of Ephraim.” Ephraim probably stands here by synecdoche (part for whole) for the northern kingdom of Israel.

² sn King Ahab of Samaria. Samaria, as the capital of the northern kingdom, here stands for the nation of Israel.

³ tn Heb “the border on the northern side was from the tongue of the sea, from the end of the Jordan.”

⁵ sn Aram became the collective name of the northern tribes living in the steppes of Mesopotamia and speaking Aramaic dialects.