² tn Heb “Stop shedding innocent blood.”

³ tn Heb “Do not shed innocent blood.”

² tn Heb “does not shed forth its light.”

² tn Heb “because of the shed blood of.”

² tn Heb “he shed the blood of battle in peace.”

² tn Heb “I will avenge the shed blood of my servants the prophets and the shed blood of all the servants of the Lord from the hand of Jezebel.”

² sn When the blood of your witness Stephen was shed means “when your witness Stephen was murdered.”

¹ tn Heb “men of slander are in you in order to shed blood.”

⁴ tn Grk “from her hand” (referring to her responsibility in causing the blood of God’s followers to be shed).

¹ tn Heb “and upright men will judge them (with) the judgment of adulteresses and the judgment of those who shed blood.”

¹ tn Heb “Look! The princes of Israel, each according to his arm, were in you in order to shed blood.”

¹ tn Heb “and I will judge you (with) the judgments of adulteresses and of those who shed blood.”

¹ tn Heb “may it be known among the nations, to our eyes, the vengeance of the shed blood of your servants.”

¹ tn Heb “and also Manasseh shed very much innocent blood, until he filled Jerusalem from mouth to mouth.”

⁴ sn The rendering “blood guilt” refers to the fact that the shedding of blood brings guilt on those who shed it illegitimately (even the blood of animals shed illegitimately, Lev 17:4; cf. the background of Gen 4:10-11). If the community performs a legitimate execution, however, the blood guilt rests on the person who has been legitimately executed (see the remarks and literature cited in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 328).

² sn The text has “the blood of a life”; blood will be the metonymy of effect for the murder, the shedding of blood.

³ tn Heb “for blood.” The term דָּם (dam, “blood”) functions as a metonymy of effect for “blood shed violently” through murder (HALOT 224 s.v. 4).

¹ tn Heb “for the one who seeks shed blood remembered them.” The idiomatic expression “to seek shed blood” seems to carry the idea “to seek payment/restitution for one’s shed blood.” The plural form דָּמִים (damim, “shed blood”) occurs only here as the object of דָּרַשׁ (darash, “to seek”); the singular form דָּם (dam, “blood”) appears with the verb in Gen 9:5; 42:22; Ezek 33:6. “Them,” the pronominal object of the verb “remembered,” refers to the oppressed, mentioned specifically in the next line, so the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.

¹ tn Heb “and also the blood of the innocent which he shed, and he filled Jerusalem with innocent blood, and the Lord was not willing to forgive.”

² sn The verbs translated shed, throw, and lay sound alike in Hebrew; the repetition of similar sounds draws attention to Reuben’s words.