² sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi).

¹ sn The south wind comes from the desert, and thus brings scorching heat.

³ sn Zarephath was a Phoenician coastal city located some ten miles south of Sidon.

² sn This king of the south was Ptolemy Philometer (ca. 181-145 b.c.).

⁶ sn Perhaps a reference to Upper (i.e., southern) Egypt (so NIV, NLT; NCV “South Egypt”).

¹ tn Or “one on the south and the other on the north.”

³ tn The phrases “in the north” and “in the south” are added in the translation for clarification.

¹ tn The expression refers to the corner or extremity of the Negev, the South.

² tn The referent of the pronoun is most likely the king of the south, in which case the text describes the king of the north countering the attack of the king of the south.

³ sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 Roman miles (49 km) south of Rome.

² sn Ptolemais was a seaport on the coast of Palestine about 30 mi (48 km) south of Tyre.

¹ sn Miletus was a seaport on the western coast of Asia Minor about 45 mi (72 km) south of Ephesus.

⁶ sn From the Tower of Hananel to the royal winepresses indicates the extent of Jerusalem from north to south.

³ tn Heb “him”; the referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

¹ sn This king of the south refers to Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 221-204 b.c.).

¹ sn Sharon was a plain located to the west, along the Mediterranean coast north of Joppa and south of Carmel.

¹ tn Heb “Their southern border was from the end of the Salt Sea, from the tongue that faces to the south.”

⁴ sn Heshbon is probably modern Tell Hesban, about 7.5 mi (12 km) south southwest of Amman, Jordan.

³ sn The descendants of Sheba lived in South Arabia, where the Joktanites were more powerful than the Hamites.

² sn The name Almodad combines the Arabic article al with modad (“friend”). Almodad was the ancestor of a South Arabian people.