¹ tn Heb “all the labor of hands” (similar KJV, NASB, NIV); cf. NAB “all that is produced by hand.”

⁵ tn Heb “In all my gains/labors, no one can find in me any guilt that is sin.”

¹ tn The Hebrew term means “labor,” but by extension it can also refer to that for which one works.

² tn Heb “The heart of the soldiers of Moab will be like the heart of a woman in labor.”

² tn Heb “it”; the referent (“the fruit of his labor”) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

¹ tn Heb “[were] over the laborers and were directing every doer of work for work assignment and work assignment.”

¹ tn Heb “and from the sons of Israel whom Solomon did not assign to the laborers for his work.”

¹ sn The work crews. This Hebrew word מַס (mas) refers to a group of laborers conscripted for royal or public service.

² sn Work crews. This Hebrew word (מַס, mas) refers to a group of laborers conscripted for royal or public service.

³ sn The work crews. This Hebrew word (מַס, mas) refers to a group of laborers conscripted for royal or public service.

¹ tn Heb “he must give.” The third person masculine singular suffix on יִתְּנֶנּוּ (yitt^enennu, Qal imperfect third person masculine singular from נָתַן, natan, “to give” plus third person masculine singular suffix) refers back to עֲמָלוֹ (ʿamalo, “his labor”) which is treated in this line as a metonymy of cause for effect, that is, “he must give it” = “he must give his labor” = “he must give the fruit of his labor.”

⁶ tn The third person masculine singular suffix on אַנִּיחֶנּוּ (ʾannikhennu, “I must leave it”) refers to Qoheleth’s wealth, that is, the fruit of his labor (see the note on the phrase “hard labor” in 2:18). The suffix is rendered literally by nearly all translations; however, a few make its referent explicit: “I have to leave its fruits” (NEB), “I must leave them [= all the fruits of my labor]” (NAB).

³ tn These phrases denote Christian virtues in action: the work produced by faith, labor motivated by love, and endurance that stems from hope in Christ.

¹ sn This silver coin is a drachma, equal to a denarius, that is, a day’s pay for the average laborer.

² sn A denarius was a silver coin stamped with the image of the emperor and worth approximately one day’s wage for a laborer.

² sn That is, six o’clock in the evening, the hour to pay day laborers. See Lev 19:13b.

³ tn Heb “that she is filled [with] her warfare.” Some understand צָבָא (tsavah, “warfare”) as meaning “hard service” or “compulsory labor” in this context.

⁵ tn The phrase “the fruit of his labor” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.

² tn The phrase “the fruit of” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity (see the following note on the word “labor”).

² tn The phrase “the fruit of” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity (see the following note on the word “labor”).