⁷ tn Grk “to the circumcision,” a collective reference to the Jewish people.

³ tn Grk “to the circumcision,” a collective reference to the Jewish people.

⁵ sn His father was Greek. Under Jewish law at least as early as the 2nd century, a person was considered Jewish if his or her mother was Jewish. It is not certain whether such a law was in effect in the 1st century, but even if it was, Timothy would not have been accepted as fully Jewish because he was not circumcised.

⁵ sn Luke characterizes the opposition here as the Jewish people, including their leadership (see 12:3).

¹ sn Proselytes refers to Gentile (i.e., non-Jewish) converts to Judaism.

³ tn Grk “the rulers.” In context this refers to the Jewish leaders.

² sn Luke portrays the Jewish leadership as driving events toward the cross by vehemently accusing Jesus.

⁴ sn Their council is probably a reference to the Jewish Sanhedrin, the council of seventy leaders.

⁴ sn That is, the law of Moses. These Jewish Christians had remained close to their Jewish practices after becoming believers (1 Cor 7:18-19; Acts 16:3).

⁴ tn Grk “the Jews.” Here the phrase refers to the Jewish people generally, for whom the synagogues and the temple courts in Jerusalem were important public gathering places. See also the note on the phrase “Jewish religious leaders” in v. 12.

² tn Grk “the Jews.” Here the phrase refers to the Jewish leaders, specifically members of the Sanhedrin (see John 11:49-50). See also the note on the phrase “Jewish leaders” in v. 12.

¹ sn See Hebrews 9:10 and Mark 7:4 for other references to the Jewish practice of ritual washings.

³ sn What the prophets and Moses said. Paul argued that his message reflected the hope of the Jewish scriptures.

³ tn That is, to the Jewish people. Grk “the people”; the word “our” has been supplied to clarify the meaning.

² tn That is, from the Jewish people. Grk “the people”; the words “your own” have been supplied to clarify the meaning.

¹ tn Grk “some Jewish exorcists who traveled about.” The adjectival participle περιερχομένων (perierchomenōn) has been translated as “itinerant.”

⁴ tn L&N 31.103 translates this phrase “the son of a Jewish woman who was a believer.”

¹ sn Simeon is a form of the apostle Peter’s Aramaic name. James uses Peter’s “Jewish” name here.

³ sn Some of the brothers from Joppa. As v. 45 makes clear, there were Jewish Christians in this group of witnesses.

² sn Seven. Jewish town councils often had seven members (Josephus, Ant. 4.18.14 [4.214]).