³ tn Heb “and his rear to the western sea.” The western sea refers to the Mediterranean Sea.

³ sn Thyatira was a city in western Asia Minor.

² sn Adramyttium was a seaport in Mysia on the western coast of Asia Minor.

⁴ sn Samos is an island in the Aegean Sea off the western coast of Asia Minor.

³ sn The western sea is a reference to the Mediterranean Sea (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT).

¹ sn Tarshish was a distant western port, the precise location of which is uncertain.

¹ sn This section of the rift valley is along the western part of the Dead Sea.

³ sn The descendants of Sabtah settled near the western shore of the Persian Gulf in ancient Hadhramaut.

⁵ sn Javan was the father of the Hellenic race, the Ionians who lived in western Asia Minor.

² sn Galeed also means “witness pile” or “the pile is a witness,” but this name is Canaanite or Western Semitic and closer to later Hebrew. Jacob, though certainly capable of speaking Aramaic, here prefers to use the western dialect.

¹ sn Miletus was a seaport on the western coast of Asia Minor about 45 mi (72 km) south of Ephesus.

² tc The reference to worship is lacking in the Western ms D, its last major omission in this Gospel.

¹ tn Or “western” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV); Heb “latter,” a reference to the Mediterranean Sea (cf. NCV, TEV, CEV, NIV, NLT).

⁶ tc Some Western mss (D it) lack 24:12. The verse has been called a Western noninterpolation, meaning that it reflects a shorter authentic reading in D and other Western witnesses. Many regard all such shorter readings as original (the verse is omitted in the RSV), but the ms evidence for omission is far too slight for the verse to be rejected as secondary. It is included in P⁷⁵ and the rest of the ms tradition.

² sn Chios was an island in the Aegean Sea off the western coast of Asia Minor with a city of the same name.

¹ tn Heb “fat of flesh”; KJV, ASV “fatter in flesh”; NASB, NRSV “fatter” (although this is no longer a sign of health in Western culture).

³ sn Elam and Media were east of Babylon, Elam in the south and Media in the north. They were in what is now western Iran.

² tn Heb “ships of Tarshish.” This probably refers to large ships either made in or capable of traveling to the distant, western port of Tarshish.

¹ tn Heb “the ships of Tarshish.” This probably refers to large ships either made in or capable of traveling to the distant western port of Tarshish.

¹ tn Heb “Tarshish ships.” This probably refers to large ships either made in or capable of traveling to the distant western port of Tarshish.