² tn Or “in the labors.”

³ tn “labor, painful toil.”

² tn Heb “the product of his labor.”

² tn Heb “was over the forced labor.”

¹ tn Heb “labor,” which stands metonymically for the fruits of labor, either “monetary profit,” or “products.”

⁴ tn Heb “gathered in your labors.” This is a metonymy of cause put for the effect. “Labors” are not gathered in, but what the labors produced—the harvest.

³ tn Heb “by hand”; cf. KJV, ASV, NASB “by labor.”

² tn Or “cease” (i.e., from the labors).

⁴ tn The word עָמָל (ʿamal) means “work, heavy labor, agonizing labor, struggle” with the idea of fatigue and pain.

³ tn Heb “all my toil.” As in 2:18-19, the term עֲמָלִי (ʿamali, “my labor”) is a metonymy of cause (i.e., my labor) for effect (i.e., the fruit of my labor). The metonymy is recognized by several translations: “all the fruits of my labor” (NAB); “all the fruit of my labor” (NASB); “all the gains I had made” (NJPS).

³ tn Heb “from labor of them.” The antecedent of the pronoun is the Egyptians who have imposed slave labor on the Hebrews.

¹ sn Paul is referring to humbling himself to the point of doing manual labor to support himself.

⁴ sn The woman in labor. Personified, suffering Jerusalem is the referent. See 4:9-10.

³ tn Heb “your labor,” which stands by metonymy for that which one earns.

¹ tn Heb “man goes out to his work, and to his labor until evening.”

³ tn Heb “my labor.” As in 2:18, the term עֲמָלִי (ʿamali, “my labor”) is a metonymy of cause (i.e., my labor) for effect (i.e., fruit of my labor). The metonymy is recognized by several translations: “he will control all the wealth that I gained” (NJPS); “he will have control over all the fruits of my labor” (NAB); “he will have mastery over all the fruits of my labor” (NEB); “he will have control over all the fruit of my labor” (NASB); “he will be master over all my possessions” (MLB).

¹ sn Qoheleth lists three approaches to labor: (1) the competitive workaholic in 4:4, (2) the impoverished sluggard in 4:5, and (3) the contented laborer in 4:6. The balanced approach rebukes the two extremes.

⁴ sn In v. 10 the word was used to describe the labor and sorrow that comes from it; here the one in such misery is called the עָמֵל (ʿamel, “laborer, sufferer”).

¹ tn The two different words for labor are translated “in hard work and toil” by L&N 42.48.

² tn Grk “this last one,” translated as “this last man” because field laborers in 1st century Palestine were men.