³ sn The blue color may represent the heavenly origin of the Law, or perhaps, since it is a royal color, the majesty of the Lord.

¹ sn The blue refers to dye made from shellfish. It has a dark blue or purple-blue, almost violet color. No significance for the color is attached.

² sn Likewise this color dye was imported from Phoenicia, where it was harvested from the shellfish or snail. It is a deep purple-red color.

² sn Carnelian is a semiprecious gemstone, usually red in color (L&N 2.36).

¹ sn Jasper was a semiprecious gemstone, probably green in color (L&N 2.30).

² sn Carnelian was a semiprecious gemstone, usually red in color (L&N 2.36).

⁴ sn Purple was a color associated with royalty in the ancient world.

¹ tn Heb “blood,” a figurative image based on the color of the juice.

³ tn Or “of iron-colored basalt.” See note on the word “sarcophagus” earlier in this verse.

³ tn The color is designated as red, although the actual color would be a tanned red-brown color for the animal (see the usage in Isa 1:18 and Song 5:10). The reddish color suggested the blood of ritual purification; see J. Milgrom, “The Paradox of the Red Cow (Num 19),” VT 31 (1981): 62-72.

⁴ sn S. R. Driver suggests that the curtains were made with threads dyed with these colors (Exodus, 280). Perhaps the colored threads were used for embroidering the cherubim in the curtains.

¹ sn Onyx (also called sardonyx) is a semiprecious stone that comes in various colors (L&N 2.35).

³ sn Chrysolite refers to either quartz or topaz, golden yellow in color (L&N 2.37).

⁴ sn Beryl is a semiprecious stone, usually blue-green or green in color (L&N 2.38).

² sn Agate (also called chalcedony) is a semiprecious stone usually milky or gray in color (L&N 2.32).

⁷ sn The colors of the riders’ breastplates parallel the three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur in v. 18.

⁴ tn A sickly pallor, when referring to persons, or the green color of plants. BDAG 1085 s.v. χλωρός 2 states, “pale, greenish gray…as the color of a pers. in sickness contrasted with appearance in health…so the horse ridden by Death…ἵππος χλωρός Rv 6:8.” Because the color of the horse is symbolic, “pale green” is used in the translation. Cf. NIV, NCV “pale”; NASB “ashen.”

¹ tn The word “clothing” is supplied to clarify that the words “purple” and “scarlet” refer to cloth or garments rather than colors.

² tn The word “clothing” is supplied to clarify that the words “purple” and “scarlet” refer to cloth or garments rather than colors.

⁴ tn L&N 79.33 states, “‘fiery red’…. One may also render ‘fiery red’ as ‘red like fire’ or ‘the color of fire.’”