³ tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

³ tn Heb “my lord,” here a title of polite address (cf. v. 19).

³ tn For the title “Yahweh of Armies” see the study note on Jer 2:19.

¹ tn Heb “Yahweh of Armies.” See the study note on 2:19 for this title.

¹ sn See the study note on 2:19 for the translation and significance of this title.

³ sn For an explanation of this title for God, see the study note on 2:19.

¹ sn See the study note on 2:19 for an explanation of this title.

¹ sn See the study note on 2:19 for explanation of this title.

¹ sn See the study note on 2:19 for explanation of this title.

¹ sn See the study note on 2:19 for explanation of this title for God.

¹ tn Heb “O Lord Yahweh of hosts.” Both titles draw attention to God’s sovereign position.

¹ tn The plural form of the title emphasizes the Lord’s absolute sovereignty.

³ tn The plural form of the title emphasizes the Lord’s absolute sovereignty.

² tn The Hebrew title for God here is אֶל־שַׁדַּי (ʾel shadday, “El Shaddai”).

¹ tn Heb “splendor,” used here by metonymy as a title for the Lord.

² tn Heb “and by the name of Israel he will title.” Some, with support from several ancient versions, prefer to change the Piel (active) verb form to a Pual (passive), “and he will be titled by the name of Israel.”

² tn The title הַמַּשָּׂא (hammassaʾ) means “the burden,” a frequently used title in prophetic oracles. It may be that the word is a place name, although it is more likely that it describes what follows as an important revelation.

² tn The verb means “to confer an honorary title; to give a mark of distinction,” but it is often translated with the verb “flatter.” Elihu will not take sides; he will not use pompous titles.

¹ tn Grk “Procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).

³ tn Grk “Felix the procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).