Discovery BoxPsalms 78:12-16 
Context78:12 He did amazing things in the sight of their ancestors,
in the land of Egypt, in the region of Zoan. 1
78:13 He divided the sea and led them across it;
he made the water stand in a heap.
78:14 He led them with a cloud by day,
and with the light of a fire all night long.
78:15 He broke open rocks in the wilderness,
and gave them enough water to fill the depths of the sea. 2
78:16 He caused streams to flow from the rock,
and made the water flow like rivers.
Psalms 78:43-51
Context78:43 when he performed his awesome deeds 3 in Egypt,
and his acts of judgment 4 in the region of Zoan.
78:44 He turned their rivers into blood,
and they could not drink from their streams.
78:45 He sent swarms of biting insects against them, 5
as well as frogs that overran their land. 6
78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper,
the fruit of their labor to the locust.
78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail,
and their sycamore-fig trees with driving rain.
78:48 He rained hail down on their cattle, 7
and hurled lightning bolts down on their livestock. 8
78:49 His raging anger lashed out against them, 9
He sent fury, rage, and trouble
as messengers who bring disaster. 10
78:50 He sent his anger in full force; 11
he did not spare them from death;
he handed their lives over to destruction. 12
78:51 He struck down all the firstborn in Egypt,
the firstfruits of their reproductive power 13 in the tents of Ham.
1 sn The region of Zoan was located in the Egyptian delta, where the enslaved Israelites lived (see Num 13:22; Isa 19:11, 13; 30:4; Ezek 30:14).
2 tn Heb “and caused them to drink, like the depths, abundantly.”
3 tn Or “signs” (see Ps 65:8).
4 tn Or “portents, omens” (see Ps 71:7). The Egyptian plagues are referred to here (see vv. 44-51).
5 tn Heb “and he sent an insect swarm against them and it devoured them.”
6 tn Heb “and a swarm of frogs and it destroyed them.”
7 tn Heb “and he turned over to the hail their cattle.”
8 tn Heb “and their livestock to the flames.” “Flames” here refer to the lightning bolts that accompanied the storm.
9 tn Heb “he sent against them the rage of his anger.” The phrase “rage of his anger” employs an appositional genitive. Synonyms are joined in a construct relationship to emphasize the single idea. For a detailed discussion of the grammatical point with numerous examples, see Y. Avishur, “Pairs of Synonymous Words in the Construct State (and in Appositional Hendiadys) in Biblical Hebrew,” Semitics 2 (1971): 17-81.
10 tn Heb “fury and indignation and trouble, a sending of messengers of disaster.”
11 tn Heb “he leveled a path for his anger.” There were no obstacles to impede its progress; it moved swiftly and destructively.
12 tn Or perhaps “[the] plague.”
13 tn Heb “the beginning of strength.” If retained, the plural form אוֹנִים (’onim, “strength”) probably indicates degree (“great strength”), but many ancient witnesses read “their strength,” which presupposes an emendation to אֹנָם (’onam; singular form of the noun with third masculine plural pronominal suffix).
