Discovery BoxGenesis 16:2-13 
Context16:2 So Sarai said to Abram, “Since 1 the Lord has prevented me from having children, have sexual relations with 2 my servant. Perhaps I can have a family by her.” 3 Abram did what 4 Sarai told him.
16:3 So after Abram had lived 5 in Canaan for ten years, Sarai, Abram’s wife, gave Hagar, her Egyptian servant, 6 to her husband to be his wife. 7 16:4 He had sexual relations with 8 Hagar, and she became pregnant. 9 Once Hagar realized she was pregnant, she despised Sarai. 10 16:5 Then Sarai said to Abram, “You have brought this wrong on me! 11 I allowed my servant to have sexual relations with you, 12 but when she realized 13 that she was pregnant, she despised me. 14 May the Lord judge between you and me!” 15
16:6 Abram said to Sarai, “Since your 16 servant is under your authority, 17 do to her whatever you think best.” 18 Then Sarai treated Hagar 19 harshly, 20 so she ran away from Sarai. 21
16:7 The Lord’s angel 22 found Hagar near a spring of water in the desert – the spring that is along the road to Shur. 23 16:8 He said, “Hagar, servant of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?” She replied, “I’m running away from 24 my mistress, Sarai.”
16:9 Then the Lord’s angel said to her, “Return to your mistress and submit 25 to her authority. 16:10 I will greatly multiply your descendants,” the Lord’s angel added, 26 “so that they will be too numerous to count.” 27 16:11 Then the Lord’s angel said to her,
“You are now 28 pregnant
and are about to give birth 29 to a son.
You are to name him Ishmael, 30
for the Lord has heard your painful groans. 31
16:12 He will be a wild donkey 32 of a man.
He will be hostile to everyone, 33
and everyone will be hostile to him. 34
He will live away from 35 his brothers.”
16:13 So Hagar named the Lord who spoke to her, “You are the God who sees me,” 36 for she said, “Here I have seen one who sees me!” 37
1 tn Heb “look.” The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) introduces the foundational clause for the imperative to follow.
2 tn Heb “enter to.” The expression is a euphemism for sexual relations (also in v. 4).
sn The Hebrew expression translated have sexual relations with does not convey the intimacy of other expressions, such as “so and so knew his wife.” Sarai simply sees this as the social custom of having a child through a surrogate. For further discussion see C. F. Fensham, “The Son of a Handmaid in Northwest Semitic,” VT 19 (1969): 312-21.
3 tn Heb “perhaps I will be built from her.” Sarai hopes to have a family established through this surrogate mother.
4 tn Heb “listened to the voice of,” which is an idiom meaning “obeyed.”
sn Abram did what Sarai told him. This expression was first used in Gen 3:17 of Adam’s obeying his wife. In both cases the text highlights weak faith and how it jeopardized the plan of God.
5 tn Heb “at the end of ten years, to live, Abram.” The prepositional phrase introduces the temporal clause, the infinitive construct serves as the verb, and the name “Abram” is the subject.
6 tn Heb “the Egyptian, her female servant.”
7 sn To be his wife. Hagar became a slave wife, not on equal standing with Sarai. However, if Hagar produced the heir, she would be the primary wife in the eyes of society. When this eventually happened, Hagar become insolent, prompting Sarai’s anger.
8 tn Heb “entered to.” See the note on the same expression in v. 2.
9 tn Or “she conceived” (also in v. 5)
10 tn Heb “and she saw that she was pregnant and her mistress was despised in her eyes.” The Hebrew verb קָלַל (qalal) means “to despise, to treat lightly, to treat with contempt.” In Hagar’s opinion Sarai had been demoted.
11 tn Heb “my wrong is because of you.”
12 tn Heb “I placed my female servant in your bosom.”
13 tn Heb “saw.”
14 tn Heb “I was despised in her eyes.” The passive verb has been translated as active for stylistic reasons. Sarai was made to feel supplanted and worthless by Hagar the servant girl.
15 tn Heb “me and you.”
sn May the
16 tn The clause is introduced with the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh), introducing a foundational clause for the coming imperative: “since…do.”
17 tn Heb “in your hand.”
18 tn Heb “what is good in your eyes.”
19 tn Heb “her”; the referent (Hagar) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
20 tn In the Piel stem the verb עָנָה (’anah) means “to afflict, to oppress, to treat harshly, to mistreat.”
21 tn Heb “and she fled from her presence.” The referent of “her” (Sarai) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
22 tn Heb “the messenger of the
23 tn Heb “And the angel of the
24 tn Heb “from the presence of.”
25 tn The imperative וְהִתְעַנִּי (vÿhit’anni) is the Hitpael of עָנָה (’anah, here translated “submit”), the same word used for Sarai’s harsh treatment of her. Hagar is instructed not only to submit to Sarai’s authority, but to whatever mistreatment that involves. God calls for Hagar to humble herself.
26 tn Heb “The
27 tn Heb “cannot be numbered because of abundance.”
28 tn The particle הִנֵּה (hinneh) focuses on her immediate situation: “Here you are pregnant.”
29 tn The active participle refers here to something that is about to happen.
30 sn The name Ishmael consists of the imperfect or jussive form of the Hebrew verb with the theophoric element added as the subject. It means “God hears” or “may God hear.”
31 tn Heb “affliction,” which must refer here to Hagar’s painful groans of anguish.
sn This clause gives the explanation of the name Ishmael, using a wordplay. Ishmael’s name will be a reminder that “God hears” Hagar’s painful cries.
32 sn A wild donkey of a man. The prophecy is not an insult. The wild donkey lived a solitary existence in the desert away from society. Ishmael would be free-roaming, strong, and like a bedouin; he would enjoy the freedom his mother sought.
33 tn Heb “His hand will be against everyone.” The “hand” by metonymy represents strength. His free-roaming life style would put him in conflict with those who follow social conventions. There would not be open warfare, only friction because of his antagonism to their way of life.
34 tn Heb “And the hand of everyone will be against him.”
35 tn Heb “opposite, across from.” Ishmael would live on the edge of society (cf. NASB “to the east of”). Some take this as an idiom meaning “be at odds with” (cf. NRSV, NLT) or “live in hostility toward” (cf. NIV).
36 tn Heb “God of my seeing.” The pronominal suffix may be understood either as objective (“who sees me,” as in the translation) or subjective (“whom I see”).
37 tn Heb “after one who sees me.”
sn For a discussion of Hagar’s exclamation, see T. Booij, “Hagar’s Words in Genesis 16:13b,” VT 30 (1980): 1-7.
