Discovery BoxDaniel 11:21-32 
Context11:21 “Then there will arise in his place a despicable person 1 to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred. He will come on the scene in a time of prosperity and will seize the kingdom through deceit. 11:22 Armies 2 will be suddenly 3 swept away in defeat 4 before him; both they and a covenant leader 5 will be destroyed. 6 11:23 After 7 entering into an alliance with him, he will behave treacherously; he will ascend to power with only a small force. 8 11:24 In a time of prosperity for the most productive areas of the province he will come and accomplish what neither his fathers nor their fathers accomplished. He will distribute loot, spoils, and property to his followers, and he will devise plans against fortified cities, but not for long. 9 11:25 He will rouse his strength and enthusiasm 10 against the king of the south 11 with a large army. The king of the south will wage war with a large and very powerful army, but he will not be able to prevail because of the plans devised against him. 11:26 Those who share the king’s fine food will attempt to destroy him, and his army will be swept away; 12 many will be killed in battle. 11:27 These two kings, their minds 13 filled with evil intentions, will trade 14 lies with one another at the same table. But it will not succeed, for there is still an end at the appointed time. 11:28 Then the king of the north 15 will return to his own land with much property. His mind will be set against the holy covenant. He will take action, and then return to his own land. 11:29 At an appointed time he will again invade the south, but this latter visit will not turn out the way the former one did. 11:30 The ships of Kittim 16 will come against him, leaving him disheartened. 17 He will turn back and direct his indignation against the holy covenant. He will return and honor 18 those who forsake the holy covenant. 11:31 His forces 19 will rise up and profane the fortified sanctuary, 20 stopping the daily sacrifice. In its place they will set up 21 the abomination that causes desolation. 11:32 Then with smooth words he will defile 22 those who have rejected 23 the covenant. But the people who are loyal to 24 their God will act valiantly. 25
1 sn This despicable person to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred is Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ca. 175-164
2 tn Heb “arms.”
3 tc The present translation reads הִשָּׁטֹף (hishatof), Niphal infinitive absolute of שָׁטַף (shataf, “to overflow”), for the MT הַשֶּׁטֶף (hashetef, “flood”).
4 tn The words “in defeat” are added in the translation for clarification.
5 tn Heb “a prince of the covenant.”
6 tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”
7 tn The preposition מִן (min) is probably temporal here (so BDB 583 s.v. 7.c; cf. KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV), although it could also be understood here as indicating means (so J. Goldingay, Daniel [WBC], 279, n. 23a; cf. TEV, NLT).
8 tn Heb “nation.”
9 tn Heb “and unto a time.”
10 tn Heb “heart.”
11 sn This king of the south was Ptolemy Philometer (ca. 181-145
12 tc The present translation reads יִשָׁטֵף (yishatef, passive) rather than the MT יִשְׁטוֹף (yishtof, active).
13 tn Heb “heart.” So also in v. 28.
14 tn Heb “speak.”
15 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
16 sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).
17 sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.
18 tn Heb “show regard for.”
19 tn Heb “arms.”
20 tn Heb “the sanctuary, the fortress.”
21 tn Heb “will give.”
22 tn Or “corrupt.”
23 tn Heb “acted wickedly toward.”
24 tn Heb “know.” The term “know” sometimes means “to recognize.” In relational contexts it can have the connotation “recognize the authority of, be loyal to,” as it does here.
25 sn This is an allusion to the Maccabean revolt, which struggled to bring about Jewish independence in the second century
