Discovery BoxRomans 4:3-17 
Context4:3 For what does the scripture say? “Abraham believed God, and it was credited 1 to him as righteousness.” 2 4:4 Now to the one who works, his pay is not credited due to grace but due to obligation. 3 4:5 But to the one who does not work, but believes in the one who declares the ungodly righteous, 4 his faith is credited as righteousness.
4:6 So even David himself speaks regarding the blessedness of the man to whom God credits righteousness apart from works:
4:7 “Blessed 5 are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven, and whose sins are covered;
4:8 blessed is the one 6 against whom the Lord will never count 7 sin.” 8
4:9 Is this blessedness 9 then for 10 the circumcision 11 or also for 12 the uncircumcision? For we say, “faith was credited to Abraham as righteousness.” 13 4:10 How then was it credited to him? Was he circumcised at the time, or not? No, he was not circumcised but uncircumcised! 4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised, 14 so that he would become 15 the father of all those who believe but have never been circumcised, 16 that they too could have righteousness credited to them. 4:12 And he is also the father of the circumcised, 17 who are not only circumcised, but who also walk in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham possessed when he was still uncircumcised. 18
4:13 For the promise 19 to Abraham or to his descendants that he would inherit the world was not fulfilled through the law, but through the righteousness that comes by faith. 4:14 For if they become heirs by the law, faith is empty and the promise is nullified. 20 4:15 For the law brings wrath, because where there is no law there is no transgression 21 either. 4:16 For this reason it is by faith so that it may be by grace, 22 with the result that the promise may be certain to all the descendants – not only to those who are under the law, but also to those who have the faith of Abraham, 23 who is the father of us all 4:17 (as it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”). 24 He is our father 25 in the presence of God whom he believed – the God who 26 makes the dead alive and summons the things that do not yet exist as though they already do. 27
1 tn The term λογίζομαι (logizomai) occurs 11 times in this chapter (vv. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 24). In secular usage it could (a) refer to deliberations of some sort, or (b) in commercial dealings (as virtually a technical term) to “reckoning” or “charging up a debt.” See H. W. Heidland, TDNT 4:284, 290-92.
2 sn A quotation from Gen 15:6.
3 tn Grk “not according to grace but according to obligation.”
4 tn Or “who justifies the ungodly.”
5 tn Or “Happy.”
6 tn The word for “man” or “individual” here is ἀνήρ (anhr), which often means “male” or “man (as opposed to woman).” However, as BDAG 79 s.v. 2 says, here it is “equivalent to τὶς someone, a person.”
7 tn The verb translated “count” here is λογίζομαι (logizomai). It occurs eight times in Rom 4:1-12, including here, each time with the sense of “place on someone’s account.” By itself the word is neutral, but in particular contexts it can take on a positive or negative connotation. The other occurrences of the verb have been translated using a form of the English verb “credit” because they refer to a positive event: the application of righteousness to the individual believer. The use here in v. 8 is negative: the application of sin. A form of the verb “credit” was not used here because of the positive connotations associated with that English word, but it is important to recognize that the same concept is used here as in the other occurrences.
8 sn A quotation from Ps 32:1-2.
9 tn Or “happiness.”
10 tn Grk “upon.”
11 sn See the note on “circumcision” in 2:25.
12 tn Grk “upon.”
13 sn A quotation from Gen 15:6.
14 tn Grk “of the faith, the one [existing] in uncircumcision.”
15 tn Grk “that he might be,” giving the purpose of v. 11a.
16 tn Grk “through uncircumcision.”
17 tn Grk “the father of circumcision.”
18 tn Grk “the ‘in-uncircumcision faith’ of our father Abraham.”
19 sn Although a singular noun, the promise is collective and does not refer only to Gen 12:7, but as D. Moo (Romans 1-8 [WEC], 279) points out, refers to multiple aspects of the promise to Abraham: multiplied descendants (Gen 12:2), possession of the land (Gen 13:15-17), and his becoming the vehicle of blessing to all people (Gen 12:13).
20 tn Grk “rendered inoperative.”
21 tn Or “violation.”
22 tn Grk “that it might be according to grace.”
23 tn Grk “those who are of the faith of Abraham.”
24 tn Verses 16-17 comprise one sentence in Greek, but this has been divided into two sentences due to English requirements.
sn A quotation from Gen 17:5. The quotation forms a parenthesis in Paul’s argument.
25 tn The words “He is our father” are not in the Greek text but are supplied to show that they resume Paul’s argument from 16b. (It is also possible to supply “Abraham had faith” here [so REB], taking the relative clause [“who is the father of us all”] as part of the parenthesis, and making the connection back to “the faith of Abraham,” but such an option is not as likely [C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [ICC], 1:243].)
26 tn “The God” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.
27 tn Or “calls into existence the things that do not exist.” The translation of ὡς ὄντα (Jw" onta) allows for two different interpretations. If it has the force of result, then creatio ex nihilo is in view and the variant rendering is to be accepted (so C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [ICC], 1:244). A problem with this view is the scarcity of ὡς plus participle to indicate result (though for the telic idea with ὡς plus participle, cf. Rom 15:15; 1 Thess 2:4). If it has a comparative force, then the translation given in the text is to be accepted: “this interpretation fits the immediate context better than a reference to God’s creative power, for it explains the assurance with which God can speak of the ‘many nations’ that will be descended from Abraham” (D. Moo, Romans [NICNT], 282; so also W. Sanday and A. C. Headlam, Romans [ICC], 113). Further, this view is in line with a Pauline idiom, viz., verb followed by ὡς plus participle (of the same verb or, in certain contexts, its antonym) to compare present reality with what is not a present reality (cf. 1 Cor 4:7; 5:3; 7:29, 30 (three times), 31; Col 2:20 [similarly, 2 Cor 6:9, 10]).
