¹ tn Grk “hardness.” Concerning this imagery, see Jer 4:4; Ezek 3:7; 1 En. 16:3.

² tn Grk “in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God.”

³ tn Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”

⁴ tn The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.

⁵ tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.

⁶ tn Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.

⁷ tc Most mss, especially Western and Byzantine (D F G 048 33 1739 1881 Ï latt), read θεός (qeos, “God”) in place of κύριος (kurios, “Lord”) here. However, κύριος is found in many of the most important mss (Ì⁴⁶ א A B C P Ψ pc co), and θεός looks to be an assimilation to θεός in v. 3.