¹ tn Grk “who, knowing…, not only do them but also approve…” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

² tn Grk “are worthy of death.”

³ sn “Vice lists” like vv. 28-32 can be found elsewhere in the NT in Matt 15:19; Gal 5:19-21; 1 Tim 1:9-10; and 1 Pet 4:3. An example from the intertestamental period can be found in Wis 14:25-26.

⁴ tc Most mss (D F G Ψ 33 1881 Ï it) read “he did not consider” by including the negative particle (οὐ, ou), but others (א A B C 6 81 365 1506 1739 pc co) lack οὐ. The reading which includes the negative particle probably represents a scribal attempt to exalt the faith of Abraham by making it appear that his faith was so strong that he did not even consider the physical facts. But “here Paul does not wish to imply that faith means closing one’s eyes to reality, but that Abraham was so strong in faith as to be undaunted by every consideration” (TCGNT 451). Both on external and internal grounds, the reading without the negative particle is preferred.

⁵ tc ‡ Most witnesses (א A C D Ψ 33 Ï bo) have ἤδη (hdh, “already”) at this point in v. 19. But B F G 630 1739 1881 pc lat sa lack it. Since it appears to heighten the style of the narrative and since there is no easy accounting for an accidental omission, it is best to regard the shorter text as original. NA²⁷ includes the word in brackets, indicating doubt as to its authenticity.

⁶ tn Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”

⁷ tn The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.

⁸ tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.

⁹ tn Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.

¹⁰ tn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.

¹¹ tn Grk “[it is] unto condemnation for all people.”

¹² tn Here ἀνθρώπους (anqrwpou") has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.

¹³ tn There are no verbs in the Greek text of v. 18, forcing translators to supply phrases like “came through one transgression,” “resulted from one transgression,” etc.

¹⁴ sn One transgression refers to the sin of Adam in Gen 3:1-24.

¹⁵ sn The one righteous act refers to Jesus’ death on the cross.

¹⁶ tn Grk “righteousness of life.”

¹⁷ tn Grk “to whom you present yourselves.”

¹⁸ tn Grk “as slaves for obedience.” See the note on the word “slave” in 1:1.

¹⁹ tn Grk “either of sin unto death, or obedience unto righteousness.”

²⁰ tn Grk “and this,” probably referring to the command to love (13:8-10); hence, “do” is implied from the previous verses.

²¹ tn The participle εἰδότες (eidotes) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

²² tn Grk “brother.”

²³ tn Grk “on account of food.”

²⁴ tn Grk “according to love.”

²⁵ sn Here clean refers to food being ceremonially clean.