¹ tc Most mss (A Ï bo) change the pronoun “their” to “his” (αὐτοῦ, autou) in order to bring the text in line with the mention of the one seated on the throne in the immediately preceding verse, and to remove the ambiguity about whose wrath is in view here. The reading αὐτῶν (autwn, “their”) is well supported by א C 1611 1854 2053 2329 2344 pc latt sy. On both internal and external grounds, it should be regarded as original.

² tn The translation “to withstand (it)” for ἵστημι (Jisthmi) is based on the imagery of holding one’s ground in a military campaign or an attack (BDAG 482 s.v. B.4).

³ tn Grk “behold.” Here ἰδού (idou) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in the context.

⁴ tn Grk “has passed.”

⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

⁶ tn Or “The Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).

⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

⁸ tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.

⁹ tn Grk “who fear.”

¹⁰ tn The words “the time has come” do not occur except at the beginning of the verse; the phrase has been repeated for emphasis and contrast. The Greek has one finite verb (“has come”) with a compound subject (“your wrath,” “the time”), followed by three infinitive clauses (“to be judged,” “to give,” “to destroy”). The rhetorical power of the repetition of the finite verb in English thus emulates the rhetorical power of its lone instance in Greek.

¹¹ tn Or “who deprave.” There is a possible wordplay here on two meanings for διαφθείρω (diafqeirw), with the first meaning “destroy” and the second meaning either “to ruin” or “to make morally corrupt.” See L&N 20.40.