Discovery BoxLamentations 1:18 
Contextצ (Tsade)
1:18 The Lord is right to judge me! 1
Yes, I rebelled against his commands. 2
Please listen, all you nations, 3
and look at my suffering!
My young women and men
have gone into exile.
Lamentations 2:3
Contextג (Gimel)
2:3 In fierce anger 4 he destroyed 5
the whole army 6 of Israel.
He withdrew his right hand 7
as the enemy attacked. 8
He was like a raging fire in the land of Jacob; 9
it consumed everything around it. 10
1 tn Heb “The
2 tn Heb “His mouth.” The term “mouth” (פֶּה, peh) is a metonymy of instrument (= mouth) for the product (= words). The term פֶּה (peh) often stands for spoken words (Ps 49:14; Eccl 10:3; Isa 29:13), declaration (Gen 41:40; Exod 38:21; Num 35:30; Deut 17:6; Ezra 1:1) and commands of God (Exod 17:1; Num 14:41; 22:18; Josh 15:13; 1 Sam 15:24; 1 Chr 12:24; Prov 8:29; Isa 34:16; 62:2). When the verb מָרָה (marah, “to rebel”) is used with the accusative direct object פֶּה (peh, “mouth”) to connote disobedience to God’s commandments (Num 20:24; 1 Sam 12:14, 15; 1 Kgs 13:21) (BDB 805 s.v. פֶּה 2.c).
3 tc The Kethib is written עַמִּים (’ammim, “peoples”), but the Qere, followed by many medieval Hebrew
tn Heb “O peoples.” Here Jerusalem addresses the peoples of the surrounding nations (note the use of “neighbors” in the preceding verse).
4 tc The MT reads אַף (’af, “anger”), while the ancient versions (LXX, Syriac Peshitta, Latin Vulgate) reflect אַפּוֹ (’appo, “His anger”). The MT is the more difficult reading syntactically, while the ancient versions are probably smoothing out the text.
5 tn Heb “cut off, scattered.”
6 tn Heb “every horn of Israel.” The term “horn” (קֶרֶן, qeren) normally refers to the horn of a bull, one of the most powerful animals in ancient Israel. This term is often used figuratively as a symbol of strength, usually in reference to the military might of an army (Deut 33:17; 1 Sam 2:1, 10; 2 Sam 22:3; Pss 18:3; 75:11; 89:18, 25; 92:11; 112:9; 1 Chr 25:5; Jer 48:25; Lam 2:3, 17; Ezek 29:21) (BDB 901 s.v. 2), just as warriors are sometimes figuratively described as “bulls.” Cutting off the “horn” is a figurative expression for destroying warriors (Jer 48:25; Ps 75:10 [HT 11]).
7 tn Heb “he caused his right hand to turn back.” The implication in such contexts is that the
8 tn Heb “from the presence of the enemy.” This figurative expression refers to the approach of the attacking army.
9 tn Heb “he burned in Jacob like a flaming fire.”
10 tn Or “He burned against Jacob, like a raging fire consumes all around.”
